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Topic Review
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Rhizobium
Nitrogen fixation has the potential to address the global protein shortage by increasing nitrogen supply in agriculture. However, the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental consequences and high energy consumption. To promote sustainable agriculture, alternative approaches such as biofertilizers that utilize biological nitrogen fixation have been introduced to minimize ecological impact. Understanding the process of biological nitrogen fixation, where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This knowledge helps reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers and maintain soil fertility. The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture by facilitating access to atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
  • 398
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Production of Antibiotics in Fungi
The natural fermentation of antibiotics, along with semi-synthetic and synthetic approaches, is one of the most important methods for their production. The majority of the antibiotic market comes from the fermentation of high-yielding (HY) fungal strains. These strains have been obtained since the 1950s from wild-type (WT) isolates as a result of classical strain improvement (CSI) programs primarily involving multi-round random mutagenesis and screening.
  • 227
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics in Aquaculture
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) define probiotics as “Live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”. Possible action modes of probiotics in aquaculture include the regulation of amino and fatty acid metabolisms, the excretion of digestive enzymes and vitamins or cofactors, the production of antagonistic compounds that inhibit bacteria, the enhancement of immune responses, the disruption of the quorum-sensing processes of pathogenic organisms, stress improvement, and heavy-metal detoxification.
  • 495
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases
The rise of antimicrobial resistance, particularly from extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), poses a significant global health challenge as it frequently causes the failure of empirical antibiotic therapy, leading to morbidity and mortality. The E. coli- and K. pneumoniae-derived CTX-M genotype is one of the major types of ESBL. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are involved in spreading ESBL genes among the bacterial population. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of ESBL-E, there is a lack of specific standard examination methods. Carbapenem has been considered the drug of first choice against ESBL-E. 
  • 667
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Honey Therapy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are considered a major problem for public health, leading to high rates of lower-limb amputations. Moreover, due to the high prevalence rate of predisposing factors, the incidence rate of DFU is still rising. Although DFUs are complex in nature, foot ulceration usually precedes diabetic foot amputations. These impaired chronic wounds usually promote a microbial biofilm, commonly characterized by the presence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, hampering the efficacy of conventional antibiotic treatments. Honey has been shown to be an effective antibacterial component, including against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Honey’s physical–chemical characteristics, such as the presence of hydrogen peroxide, its low pH levels, and its high sugar and phenolic contents, promote anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, improving wound healing.
  • 106
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bacteria on 2-keto-L-gulonic Acid Production
Vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin with strong reducing power, cannot be synthesized by the human body and participates in a variety of important biochemical reactions. Vitamin C is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, health care, beverage, cosmetics, and feed industries, with a huge market demand. The classical two-step fermentation method is the mainstream technology for vitamin C production. D-sorbitol is transformed into L-sorbose by Gluconobacter oxydans in the first step of fermentation; then, L-sorbose is transformed into 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KGA) by a coculture system composed of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and associated bacteria; and finally, 2-KGA is transformed into vitamin C through chemical transformation.
  • 140
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Engineering Approach for Next-Generation of Bt-Based Agents
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) and B. cereus sensu stricto Frankland and Frankland are closely related species of aerobic, spore-forming bacteria included in the B. cereus sensu lato group. This group is one of the most studied, but it remains also the most mysterious species of bacteria. Despite more than a century of research on the features of these ubiquitous bacteria, there are a lot of questionable issues related to their taxonomy, resistance to external influences, endophytic existence, their place in multidimensional relationships in the ecosystem, and many others.
  • 160
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Using CO2 for Biomanufacturing of Fuels and Chemicals
Microbial cell factories offer an eco-friendly alternative for transforming raw materials into commercially valuable products because of their reduced carbon impact compared to conventional industrial procedures. These systems often depend on lignocellulosic feedstocks, mainly pentose and hexose sugars. One major hurdle when utilizing these sugars, especially glucose, is balancing carbon allocation to satisfy energy, cofactor, and other essential component needs for cellular proliferation while maintaining a robust yield. Nearly half or more of this carbon is inevitably lost as CO2 during the biosynthesis of regular metabolic necessities. This loss lowers the production yield and compromises the benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions—a fundamental advantage of biomanufacturing.
  • 128
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Effects of Nanomaterials on Microalgae Growth
Microalgae are promising biological factories for the production of diverse natural products, such as proteins, lipids, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. These biomolecules or metabolites can be used in industrial products ranging from biofuels, food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals to alternatives to chemically synthetic or animal-derived products. To improve the production efficiency of microalgae-derived metabolites, diverse microalgal cultivation methods have been developed, such as nitrogen deficiency, salinity stress, photoinduction, and carbon source addition. Nanotechnology or nanomaterial application has arisen as a new strategy in the production of valuable metabolites or bioproducts in microalgae. Nanomaterials (NMs) are materials that are manufactured with at least one dimension being less than 100 nanometers (nm). They have been found to influence the physiology and metabolism of algal cells by generating cell shading, physical damage, and oxidative stress.
  • 212
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
d-Tagatose by l-Arabinose Isomerase
d-tagatose is a low-calorie alternative to sucrose natural monosaccharide that is nearly as sweet. As a ketohexose, d-tagatose has disease-relieving and health-promoting properties. Due to its scarcity in nature, d-tagatose is mainly produced through chemical and biological methods.
  • 360
  • 29 Nov 2023
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