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Topic Review
Cerium Nitrate
Cerium nitrate refers to a family of nitrates of cerium in the three or four oxidation state. Often these compounds contain water, hydroxide, or hydronium ions in addition to cerium and nitrate. Double nitrates of cerium also exist.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cermet and Cercer Dual-Phase Membrane
Based on different permeation mechanism, membrane for hydrogen separation can be categorized as mixed protonic–electronic conducting (MPEC) membrane, dense metal membrane, and porous inorganic membrane. Each membrane also has its own advantages and disadvantages. Cermet membrane is composed of a ceramic phase and a metal phase. The ceramic phase is benefit to improve the mechanical stability and high protonic conductivity of the membrane while the metal phase is used to enhance the electronic conductivity and surface-exchange kinetic. In order to overcome the drawbacks of cermet membranes, researchers developed another kind of dual-phase membrane (cercer membranes), in which a ceramic with high electronic conductivity replaces the metal as the electronic conducting phase.
  • 460
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Certitudes in Male Infertility
Male infertility (MI) involves various endogenous and exogenous facts. These include oxidative stress (OS), which is known to alter several physiological pathways and it is estimated to be present at high levels in up to 80% of infertile men. Infertility refers to the problem of couples who achieve a pregnancy but do not carry it to term. Male infertility (MI) is defined as the inability of a male to make a fertile female pregnant, also for a minimum of a one year of unprotected intercourse. As for the male factor, males are found to be solely responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases and contribute to 50% of cases overall.
  • 278
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Challenges for Nanotechnology
The term “Nanotechnology” describes a large field of scientific and technical activities dealing with objects and technical components with small dimensions. Typically, bodies that are in–at least–two dimensions smaller than 0.1 µm are regarded as “nanobjects”. By this definition, a lot of advanced materials, as well as the advanced electronic devices, are objects of nanotechnology. In addition, many aspects of molecular biotechnology as well as macromolecular and supermolecular chemistry and nanoparticle techniques are summarized under “nanotechnology”. Despite this size-oriented definition, nanotechnology is dealing with physics and chemistry as well as with the realization of technical functions in the area between very small bodies and single particles and molecules. This includes the shift from classical physics into the quantum world of small molecules and low numbers or single elementary particles. Besides the already established fields of nanotechnology, there is a big expectation about technical progress and solution to essential economic, medical, and ecological problems by means of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology can only meet these expectations if fundamental progress behind the recent state of the art can be achieved. Therefore, very important challenges for nanotechnology are discussed here.
  • 5.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood
With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
  • 456
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Characteristics and Applicability of Nanomorphological Structures for Chemosensors
Nanomaterials have the advantage of having a large surface area, making it easier to express more efficient properties, and they have been widely applied recently in various fields. When designing new materials for specific applications, it is often important to control the shape, size distribution, surface properties, dispersion, and agglomeration stability of synthetic nanoparticles, as well as the elemental and nanocrystalline compositions of the materials. Nanomaterials have infinite potential. 
  • 238
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics and Extraction Capacity of Deep Eutectic Solvents
A renewed understanding of eco-friendly principles is moving the industrial sector toward a shift in the utilization of less harmful solvents as a main strategy to improve manufacturing. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) has definitely paved the way for this transition by presenting green solvents to a larger audience. Among the most promising, surely DESs (deep eutectic solvents), NaDESs (natural deep eutectic solvents), HDESs (hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents), and HNaDESs (hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents), with their unique features, manifest a wide-range of applications, including their use as a means for the extraction of small bioactive compounds.
  • 119
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Characteristics and Functionalities of Edible Films and Coatings
As a novel post-harvesting strategy, edible films and coatings for fruits and vegetables offer preservation measures to meet the growing needs of hunger and agricultural management. Biopolymers, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, are the main sources of preparing edible films and coatings. These biomacromolecules make stable colloidal dispersions that deliver processing convenience with various formulation, blending, casting, coating, and film-forming methods.
  • 385
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Collagen
Collagen (CLG) is a structural protein composed of amino acids that create collagen fibers, characterized by exceptional strength and high elasticity. This protein is composed of three left-handed α polypeptides that wind around themselves and their axis to form a right-handed superhelix. Its structure varies depending on its functions and place of occurrence. CLG is one of the most important proteins in the human body because it is responsible for maintaining the appropriate structure of tissues and organs and constitutes as much as one-third of the total body protein mass. It occurs, among the main organs in the body that provide appropriate elasticity and strength. It is also an essential building block of the skin; without CLG, it would not be able to perform its functions properly.
  • 252
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Characteristics of Fresh UHPFRC
Steel fibers and their aspect ratios are important parameters that have significant influence on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Steel fiber dosage also significantly contributes to the initial manufacturing cost of UHPFRC. 
  • 535
  • 05 Aug 2021
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