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Topic Review
Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is a vital enzyme used in separation studies and as a biomarker for liver, bone, and certain cancer conditions. Its stability and specific properties enable insights into enzyme behavior, aiding in the development of detection methods with broader applications in various scientific fields. Alkaline phosphatase has four main isoenzymes: germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), each with distinct roles. TNAP is found in the liver, kidney, and bones, playing a role in bone mineralization. Separation techniques like electrophoresis and chromatography are valuable for studying enzymes and proteins, revealing insights into their structure and function in pharmaceutical research and post-translational modification (PTM) studies. 
  • 151
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics
Point-of-care (POC) or near-patient testing allows clinicians to accurately achieve real-time diagnostic results performed at or near to the patient site. The outlook of POC devices is to provide quicker analyses that can lead to well-informed clinical decisions and hence improve the health of patients at the point-of-need. Microfluidics plays an important role in the development of POC devices. However, requirements of handling expertise, pumping systems and complex fluidic controls make the technology unaffordable to the current healthcare systems in the world. In recent years, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has emerged as an attractive microfluidic-based technology to overcome these limitations by offering robust, cost-effective and simple-to-operate devices. The internal wall of the microchannels can be pre-coated with reagents, and by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, the sample can be loaded into the microchannel driven by capillary forces and can be detected via handheld or smartphone-based detectors. The capabilities of capillary-driven flow devices have not been fully exploited in developing POC diagnostics, especially for antimicrobial resistance studies in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to open up this field of microfluidics to the ever-expanding microfluidic-based scientific community.
  • 3.0K
  • 24 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Carbazoles Treatment for COVID-19 Infection
Several treatment approaches for COVID-19 were employed since the beginning of the pandemic, such as immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial agents, and again corticosteroids, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists, but many of them were proven ineffective in targeting the virus. So, the identification of drugs to be used effectively for treatment of COVID-19 is strongly needed. Carbazoles represent an interesting class of heterocycles known by their anticancer activity: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, antihistamine, antiviral. In addition, numerous carbazole derivatives have also been found to be useful for Alzheimer’s disease. 
  • 614
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Carbohydrate-Based Ionic Liquids
Carbohydrate-derived ionic liquids with at least one ionic counterpart derived from carbohydrate precursor have been explored as bio-alternatives to conventional ionic liquids for over a decade. Since their discovery, significant progress has been made regarding synthetic methods, understanding their environmental impact, and developing perspectives on their potential applications. Carbohydrates can be converted into cations or anions for ILs through standard reactions that are already applied widely in carbohydrate chemistry. Most of the research on sugar-based ILs has focused on cation synthesis, though the most promising synthetic route towards ILs (in terms of the number of required synthetic steps) involves transforming carbohydrates into anions such as gluconate, glucuronate, or galacturonate. Moreover, functionalization of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) with sugar moieties has also recently been investigated. The most common precursors for carbohydrate-derived ionic liquids include glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, isomannide, isosorbide, ribitol, and mannitol.
  • 965
  • 04 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Carbohydrates for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
Carbohydrate-based biomaterials are a unique platform for active molecular transport and targeted drug delivery, providing biocompatibility, biodegradability, and a reduction in toxic side effects.
  • 378
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbohydrates/Matrix Lignin in Mechanically Graded Bamboo Culms
The mechanical performance of bamboo is highly dependent on its structural arrangement and the properties of biomacromolecules within the cell wall. Along the radius of bamboo culms, the concentration of xylan within the fiber sheath increased, while that of cellulose and lignin decreased gradually. At cellular level, although the consecutive broad layer (Bl) of fiber revealed a relatively uniform cellulose orientation and concentration, the outer Bl with higher lignification level has higher elastic modulus (19.59–20.31 GPa) than that of the inner Bl close to the lumen area (17.07–19.99 GPa). Comparatively, the cell corner displayed the highest lignification level, while its hardness and modulus were lower than that of fiber Bl, indicating the cellulose skeleton is the prerequisite of cell wall mechanics. The obtained cytological information is helpful to understand the origin of the anisotropic mechanical properties of bamboo.
  • 439
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Anode
Carbon anode refers to a broad family of essentially pure carbon, whose members can be tailored to vary widely in their strength, density, conductivity, pore structure, and crystalline development. These attributes contribute to their widespread applicability. Specific characteristics are imparted to the finished product by controlling the selection of precursor materials (including cokes, polymers and fibers) and the method of processing. In general, carbon anode electrodes are characterized by low cost production, high surface area, a wide working potential window in many media, high electrocatalytic activities for different redox-active chemical and biochemical systems, and chemical inertness.Moreover, their surface chemistry enables the functionalization of these carbon platforms via strong covalent or noncovalent methods with surface modifiers, which improves their electrochemical performance. Recent achievements of carbon anode materials and their structural design for better performances of aluminium production, lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries, nano-tube production, substitution of amorphous electrode materials, photoanodes production, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, sensors and pumps, neurochemical monitors, etc., are finding enormous applications in industrial, commercial and social sectors. 
  • 4.9K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Based Two-Dimensional Materials for Bioelectronic Neural Interfacing
Realizing the neurological information processing by analyzing the complex data transferring behavior of populations and individual neurons is one of the fast-growing fields of neuroscience and bioelectronic technologies. This field is anticipated to cover a wide range of advanced applications, including neural dynamic monitoring, understanding the neurological disorders, human brain–machine communications and even ambitious mind-controlled prosthetic implant systems. To fulfill the requirements of high spatial and temporal resolution recording of neural activities, electrical, optical and biosensing technologies are combined to develop multifunctional bioelectronic and neuro-signal probes. Advanced two-dimensional (2D) layered materials such as carbon based 2D materials with their atomic-layer thickness and multifunctional capabilities show bio-stimulation and multiple sensing properties. These characteristics are beneficial factors for development of ultrathin-film electrodes for flexible neural interfacing with minimum invasive chronic interfaces to the brain cells and cortex.
  • 311
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Capture and Storage (Timeline)
The milestones for carbon capture and storage show the lack of commercial scale development and implementation of CCS over the years since the first carbon tax was imposed. The time line of carbon capture and storage announcements and developments follows:
  • 551
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Capture Using Porous Silica Materials
As the primary greenhouse gas, CO2 emission has noticeably increased over the past decades resulting in global warming and climate change. Surprisingly, anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric CO2 by 50% in less than 200 years, causing more frequent and severe rainfall, snowstorms, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, and rising sea levels in recent times. Hence, reducing the excess CO2 in the atmosphere is imperative to keep the global average temperature rise below 2 °C.
  • 248
  • 19 Jul 2023
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