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Topic Review
Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) comprise a unique family of serine/threonine kinases only found in plants, protozoans (including apicomplexan parasites) and some algae. As these enzymes play an important role in calcium signalling during the various life stages of the Plasmodium parasite, CDPKs have been identified as potential targets for next-generation antimalarial drug development.  This entry focusses on the different CDPKs identified for Plasmodium falciparum, their possible functions, and the small-molecule inhibitors developed thus far for this group of kinases.
  • 528
  • 27 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Calculations on Ion Channels
Ion channels are proteins that allow the passage of ions across biological membranes; particularly important cations include Na+, K+, and Ca++. Nerve impulse transmission involves Na+ and K+ channels; the advantages of quantum calculations are discussed.
  • 618
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Camelids' Milk
Camel milk has always represented an important food for nomadic people in the arid parts of the world; recently, camel milk attracted great attention as a possible replacer to dairy cow’s milk because of its therapeutic effects. The use of alternative milk for feeding children can be effective in reducing the development of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • 740
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CAMPUS (Database)
CAMPUS (acronym for Computer Aided Material Preselection by Uniform Standards) is a multilingual database for the properties of plastics. It is considered worldwide as a leader in regard to the level of standardization and therefore, ease of comparison, of plastics properties. It also supports diagrams to a large extent. CAMPUS is based on ISO standards 10350, for single-point value e.g. the density, and 11403, for diagrams, e.g. the Stress–strain curve.
  • 344
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Canada's Food Guide
Canada's Food Guide (French: Guide alimentaire canadien) is a nutrition guide produced by Health Canada. In 2007, it was reported to be the second most requested Canadian government publication, behind the Income Tax Forms. The Health Canada website states: "Food guides are basic education tools that are designed to help people follow a healthy diet."
  • 671
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Nano-Interaction
In the targeted therapy, nanoparticles (NPs) with specific properties, nanomedicine, are designed to specifically transport therapeutic agents to tumor sites and to release under controlled conditions. This strategy could potentially overcome the limitations of conventional methods and improve the cancer treatment outcomes by distinguishing malignant cells from non-malignant cells and selectively kill malignant cells. Bio-distribution, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and systemic clearance are the general challenges of using NPs in the targeted therapy. An effective NP-based drug delivery system should predict and control the fate of NPs in the biological environment. To develop and achieve a sound and efficient NPs-based system, we need to enhance our understanding of the nano-bio-interaction (NBI) happening between nanomaterials and a complex heterogeneous biological environment. At the cellular level, the NBI occurs at the interface of NPs surface and cell membrane. The interaction behavior of NPs is highly dependent on the physical and chemical properties of NPs.
  • 462
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cannabineyed
The word cannabineyed refers to endocannabinoid system (ECS) physiology, dysregulation and modulation in the context of ocular and periocular tissues and structures. It derives by placing the word eye into the original one, cannabinoid. Specifically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex regulatory system, highly conserved among vertebrates. It has been widely described in nearly all human tissues. In the eye, the ECS expression has been demonstrated both in the anterior and in the posterior segment. In this context, the ECS is believed to play a pivotal role in the modulation of the local inflammatory state as well as in the regulation of tissue repair and fibrosis, neo-angiogenesis, pain perception, intraocular pressure (IOP) control and neuroprotection.
  • 503
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist
A cannabinoid receptor antagonist, also known simply as a cannabinoid antagonist or as an anticannabinoid, is a type of cannabinoidergic drug that binds to cannabinoid receptors (CBR) and prevents their activation by endocannabinoids. They include antagonists, inverse agonists, and antibodies of CBRs. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system led to the development of CB1 receptor antagonists. The first CBR inverse agonist, rimonabant, was described in 1994. Rimonabant blocks the CB1 receptor selectively and has been shown to decrease food intake and regulate body-weight gain. The prevalence of obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically and has a great impact on public health. The lack of efficient and well-tolerated drugs to cure obesity has led to an increased interest in research and development of CBR antagonists. Cannabidiol (CBD), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, is a non-competitive CB1/CB2 receptor antagonist. And Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant. CBD is a very low-affinity CB1 ligand, that can nevertheless affect CB1 receptor activity in vivo in an indirect manner, while THCV is a high-affinity CB1 receptor ligand and potent antagonist in vitro and yet only occasionally produces effects in vivo resulting from CB1 receptor antagonism. THCV has also high affinity for CB2 receptors and signals as a partial agonist, differing from both CBD and rimonabant.
  • 954
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering
Biocompatible ceramics are extremely important in bioengineering, and very useful in many biomedical or orthopedic applications because of their positive interactions with human tissues. There have been enormous efforts to develop bioceramic particles that cost-effectively meet high standards of quality. Among the numerous bioceramics, calcium phosphates are the most suitable since the main inorganic compound in human bones is hydroxyapatite, a specific phase of the calcium phosphates (CaPs). The CaPs can be applied as bone substitutes, types of cement, drug carriers, implants, or coatings. 
  • 261
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Capacitive Field-Effect Bio-Chemical Sensors
       Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed.
  • 967
  • 19 Apr 2022
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