Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Monika Furko
 -- 1188 2023-05-16 09:14:25 |
2 format correct
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 1188 2023-05-18 03:11:34 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Furko, M.; Balázsi, K.; Balázsi, C. CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44348 (accessed on 07 July 2024).
Furko M, Balázsi K, Balázsi C. CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44348. Accessed July 07, 2024.
Furko, Monika, Katalin Balázsi, Csaba Balázsi. "CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44348 (accessed July 07, 2024).
Furko, M., Balázsi, K., & Balázsi, C. (2023, May 16). CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44348
Furko, Monika, et al. "CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering." Encyclopedia. Web. 16 May, 2023.
CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/coatings13020360

Biocompatible ceramics are extremely important in bioengineering, and very useful in many biomedical or orthopedic applications because of their positive interactions with human tissues. There have been enormous efforts to develop bioceramic particles that cost-effectively meet high standards of quality. Among the numerous bioceramics, calcium phosphates are the most suitable since the main inorganic compound in human bones is hydroxyapatite, a specific phase of the calcium phosphates (CaPs). The CaPs can be applied as bone substitutes, types of cement, drug carriers, implants, or coatings. 

biopolymers calcium phosphate composites

1. Introduction

Calcium phosphate-loaded biopolymer composites are among most intensively and increasingly studied research areas, since they can be applied in a wide variety of forms by adjusting their physical–chemical properties to many requirements [1]. The appropriate mixture of biopolymer and bioceramic particles can provide a chemical composition that is similar to native bone and the extracellular matrix, containing inorganic minerals and organic collagenous material [2]. However, weak interfacial bonds have been reported to exist between biopolymers and bioceramic particles, which hinders the perfect formation of bioceramic–biopolymer composite scaffolds for bone repair implementations. In this context, applying certain bonding agents containing two different functional groups can build a so-called molecular bridge between the interface of biopolymer and bioceramic particles that could provide an ideal solution [3]. In this case, one of the functional groups is organophilic in nature and can react with the polymers, while the other type of functional group can attach to the bioceramic surface to create a strong bond. Using these bonding agents, the mechanical properties of composite scaffolds could be improved.
Current general procedure for healing damaged bone structure may involve the use of bone grafts or substitutes [4]. Synthetic bone grafts or substitutes must have appropriate physical structure and mechanical as well as chemical properties. In applications involving high structural loads, It is also important that the bone substitutes can endure the biological conditions without the failure or degradation of implant materials. Fixation of orthopedic implants can lead to structural changes that may cause release of toxic or health-impairing particles or ions [5]. Bioceramics can be produced according to various methods which can generate different phases such as crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, or their composites [6]. The biological performance of CaPs is dependent on their physicochemical properties and determines their application potential [7]. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is regarded as the most thermally and chemically stable phase among the CaPs; therefore, it is an ideal material to produce composites with polymers. Meanwhile, nanostructured CaPs are suitable for drug or gene delivery and carrier systems owing to their large surface areas [8]. It is also known that CaP scaffolds have hierarchical nano- and microstructures, which can provide outstanding assistance in bone healing. The integration of bioceramics into biopolymer matrices is able to mix the strength and osteoconductivity of calcium phosphate-based bioceramics with good mechanical characteristics and controlled bioresorbability of a polymeric matrix. The preparation of composites can be performed either by biopolymer infusion into the porous bioceramic scaffold [9] or by dispersing the ceramic particles into the base polymer solution [10]. In the latter case, the resulting dispersion can be further processed by electrospinning or spin coating onto the implants’ surfaces to produce composite coatings, or the use of specific post-dispersion treatment to obtain the desired scaffold materials [11][12][13][14]. The main benefits of coating medical devices are the considerable enhancement of their biocompatibility and their long-term stability. In general, bioceramic particles or coatings are able to provide bioactive properties to the polymer matrix. The level of bioactivity can be adjusted by choosing the appropriate weight ratio, particle form and size, and the suitable dispersion of filler agents [15]. It has also been reported that a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio of ceramic particle fillers can cause higher bioactivity [16]. Addition of bioactive particles to bioresorbable polymers can also alter processes of polymer degradation, reportedly due to ion-exchange processes in biological environments [17][18]. This process reportedly imparts a pH-buffering effect at the polymer surface, thus altering the acidic polymer degradation. In similar research, it was observed that biopolymers with embedded HAp/CaP particles degraded consistently owing to water penetration at the interfacial areas [19]. Studies have described how the degradation and resorption mechanisms of composite scaffolds allow the cells to adhere, proliferate, and secrete their extracellular matrix (ECM), whilst the scaffolds gradually degrade, providing new space for bone cells or tissues to grow [20].

2. CaP Containing Biopolymer Composites in Bone Tissue Engineering

CaP fillers can be prepared synthetically, using chemicals to precipitate the different phases of calcium phosphate. It is widely recognized that the precipitation parameters and the post-treatment of the resulting powder determine the final phase structure [21]. In most cases, CaP powder is a mixture of the different phases (monetite, brushite, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium-phosphate, or even amorphous apatites) in various ratios. The different phases show different morphologies that affect their chemical and biological performances. The phase purity can be improved by applying appropriate post-treatments. The quality of calcium precursors used also affects the morphology, and the particle size and shape [22]. Other methods applied for CaP preparation include hydrothermal [23][24][25], sol-gel [26][27], electrochemical [28], solid phase powder milling [29][30][31], and spray freeze-drying techniques [32][33]. Additionally, because the human bone contains trace elements such as Mg, Zn, Sr, etc., the mineralization of CaP particles with such bioactive ions makes them more biocompatible. Generally, the ionic substitutions can be rendered cationic by replacing the Ca2+ with Mg2+, Zn2+, Sr2+, Si4+ ions, or anionic when the PO43− groups are substituted by CO32− or fluoride anions. The preparations, thorough characterizations, and properties of these materials have been exhaustively studied and reported in numerous papers and summarized in reviews [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. A further purpose of ionic substitution is to achieve antibacterial properties, using silver or other specific additives [41][42]. Furthermore, there is an emerging effort to prepare CaP particles from natural sources, such as fishbone [43][44], oyster shell [45], eggshell [46][47], mussel shell [48], snail shell [49], as well as bovine origins, and marble [50]. Reports on the naturally derived CaP powders indicate that these alternatives are more environmentally friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective compared with synthetic preparations. In addition, waste recycling is an urgent contemporary issue, since waste generation puts a huge burden on the environment. These natural preparation methods also provide good solutions in this context, able to turn unwanted waste into important functional material. Another advantage of using these materials is that trace elements such as Mg, Na, K, and Sr as well as carbonate anions can be found in CaPs prepared from organic source, which is important for bioactivity [51]. In this case, the preferred preparation method has been calcination, which can generate HAp powders with high crystallinity, in a process capable of fast and economic production requiring less chemical consumption [51]. However, it is important to mention their disadvantages, since the CaPs obtained from natural sources may contain contaminants harmful to the human body, which cannot be eliminated by heat treatment. Moreover, the concentrations and ratios of trace elements are strongly dependent on the source material, and living organisms contain different amounts of minerals depending on species, age, and other factors. These factors are hard to control, so the reproducibility of these CaPs is problematic. This fact may impede their applicability in clinical or pharmaceutical use, as these industries demand the strictest standards for biomaterials.

References

  1. Khan, A.; Alamry, K.A.; Asiri, A.M. Multifunctional Biopolymers-Based Composite Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Review. Nanomater. Polym. Chem. Sel. 2021, 6, 154–176.
  2. Barinov, S.M. Calcium phosphate-based ceramic and composite materials for medicine. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2010, 79, 13–29.
  3. Shuai, C.; Yu, L.; Feng, P.; Gao, C.; Peng, S. Interfacial reinforcement in bioceramic/biopolymer composite bone scaffold: The role of coupling agent. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2020, 193, 111083.
  4. Heidari, B.S.; Ruan, R.; Vahabli, E.; Chen, P.; De-Juan-Pardo, E.M.; Zheng, M.; Doyle, B. Natural, synthetic and commercially-available biopolymers used to regenerate tendons and ligaments. Bioact. Mater. 2023, 19, 179–197.
  5. Bazaka, K.; Jacob, M.V. Implantable Devices: Issues and Challenges. Electronics 2013, 2, 1–34.
  6. Hayakawa, S.; Tsuru, K.; Osaka, A. Chapter 3—The microstructure of bioceramics and its analysis. In Bioceramics and Their Clinical Applications; Tadashi, K., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, England, 2008; pp. 53–77.
  7. Grebņevs, V.; Leśniak-Ziółkowska, K.; Wala, M.; Dulski, M.; Altundal, S.; Dutovs, A.; Avotiņa, L.; Erts, D.; Viter, R.; Vīksna, A.; et al. Modification of physicochemical properties and bioactivity of oxide coatings formed on Ti substrates via plasma electrolytic oxidation in crystalline and amorphous calcium phosphate particle suspensions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 598, 153793.
  8. Hou, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Z.; Luo, X.; Wang, T.; Zhao, X.; Lu, B.; Chen, F.; Zheng, L. Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials for Bone Repair. J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 187.
  9. Bhushan, S.; Singh, S.; Maiti, T.K.; Sharma, C.; Dutt, D.; Sharma, S.; Li, C.; Tag Eldin, E.M. Scaffold Fabrication Techniques of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Critical Review. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 728.
  10. Liu, H.; Webster, T.J. Mechanical properties of dispersed ceramic nanoparticles in polymer composites for orthopedic applications. Int. J. Nanomed. 2010, 5, 299–313.
  11. Furko, M.; Horváth, Z.E.; Mihály, J.; Balázsi, K.; Balázsi, C. Comparison of the Morphological and Structural Characteristic of Bioresorbable and Biocompatible Hydroxyapatite-Loaded Biopolymer Composites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3194.
  12. Rivero, P.J.; Redin, D.M.; Rodríguez, R.J. Electrospinning: A Powerful Tool to Improve the Corrosion Resistance of Metallic Surfaces Using Nanofibrous Coatings. Metals 2020, 10, 350.
  13. Vishwakarma, V.; Kaliaraj, G.S.; Kirubaharan, A.M.K. Advanced Alloys and Coatings for Bioimplants. Coatings 2022, 12, 1525.
  14. Ali, A.A.; Barakat, N.A.M.; Lim, J.K. Influence of electrospinning and dip-coating techniques on the degradation and cytocompatibility of Mg-based alloy 2013. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2013, 420, 37–45.
  15. Esposti, M.D.; Changizi, M.; Salvatori, R.; Chiarini, L.; Cannillo, V.; Morselli, D.; Fabbri, P. Comparative Study on Bioactive Filler/Biopolymer Scaffolds for Potential Application in Supporting Bone Tissue Regeneration. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2022, 4, 4306–4318.
  16. Shakil, U.A.; Abu Hassan, S.B.; Yahya, M.Y.; Rejab, M.R. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2022, 11, 1991–2014.
  17. Bher, A.; Mayekar, P.C.; Auras, R.A.; Schvezov, C.E. Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12165.
  18. Visan, A.I.; Popescu-Pelin, G.; Socol, G. Degradation Behavior of Polymers Used as Coating Materials for Drug Delivery—A Basic Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 1272.
  19. Dorozhkin, S.V. Biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials based on calcium orthophosphates. Biomatter 2011, 1, 3–56.
  20. Henkel, J.; Woodruff, M.A.; Epari, D.R.; Steck, R.; Glatt, V.; Dickinson, I.C.; Choong, P.F.; Schuetz, M.A.; Hutmacher, D.W. Bone Regeneration Based on Tissue Engineering Conceptions—A 21st Century Perspective. Bone Res. 2013, 1, 216–248.
  21. Furko, M.; Balázsi, C. Morphological, chemical, and biological investigation of ionic substituted, pulse current deposited calcium phosphate coatings. Materials 2020, 13, 4690.
  22. Ruiz-Clavijo, A.; Hurt, A.P.; Kotha, A.K.; Coleman, N.J. Effect of Calcium Precursor on the Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Sol-Gel-Derived Glasses. J. Funct. Biomater. 2019, 10, 13.
  23. Tattanon, T.; Arpornmaeklong, P.; Ummartyotin, S.; Pongprayoon, T. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate from Cuttlebone Assisted by the Biosurfactant L-rhamnose Monohydrate for Biomedical Materials. ChemEngineering 2021, 5, 88.
  24. Ebrahimi, S.; Sipaut, C.S.; Nasri, M.; Arshad, S.E.B. Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite powders using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0251009.
  25. Sterner, P.; Biernat, M. The Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite by Hydrothermal Process with Calcium Lactate Pentahydrate: The Effect of Reagent Concentrations, pH, Temperature, and Pressure. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2022, 2022, 3481677.
  26. Jaafar, A.; Hecker, C.; Árki, P.; Joseph, Y. Sol-Gel Derived Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Titanium Implants: A Review. Bioengineering 2020, 7, 127.
  27. Negrila, C.C.; Predoi, M.V.; Iconaru, S.L.; Predoi, D. Development of Zinc-Doped Hydroxyapatite by Sol-Gel Method for Medical Applications. Molecules 2018, 23, 2986.
  28. Daltin, A.L.; Beaufils, S.; Rouillon, T.; Millet, P.; Chopart, J.P. Calcium phosphate powder synthesis by out-of-phase pulsed sonoelectrochemistry. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019, 58, 104662.
  29. Dinda, S.; Bhagavatam, A.; Alrehaili, H.; Dinda, G.P. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite from Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O, CaO, Ca(OH)2, and P2O5 Mixtures. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2232.
  30. Lukina, Y.; Kotov, S.; Bionyshev-Abramov, L.; Serejnikova, N.; Chelmodeev, R.; Fadeev, R.; Toshev, O.; Tavtorkin, A.; Ryndyk, M.; Smolentsev, D.; et al. Low-Temperature Magnesium Calcium Phosphate Ceramics with Adjustable Resorption Rate. Ceramics 2023, 6, 168–194.
  31. Otsuka, M.; Saito, H.; Sasaki, T. Analytical Evaluation of Wet and Dry Mechanochemical Syntheses of Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite Containing Zinc Using X-ray Diffractometry and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2105.
  32. Sun, L.; Chow, L.C.; Frukhtbeyn, S.A.; Bonevich, J.E. Preparation and Properties of Nanoparticles of Calcium Phosphates With Various Ca/P Ratios. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2010, 115, 243–255.
  33. Itatani, K.; Iwafune, K.; Howell, F.S.; Aizawa, M. Preparation of various calcium-phosphate powders by ultrasonic spray freeze-drying technique. Mater. Res. Bull. 2000, 35, 575–585.
  34. Graziani, G.; Boi, M.; Bianchi, M. A Review on Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite Thin Films: Towards Complete Biomimetism. Coatings 2018, 8, 269.
  35. Vidotto, M.; Grego, T.; Petrović, B.; Somers, N.; Antonić Jelić, T.; Kralj, D.; Matijaković Mlinarić, N.; Leriche, A.; Dutour Sikirić, M.; Erceg, I.; et al. A Comparative EPR Study of Non-Substituted and Mg-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Behaviour in Model Media and during Accelerated Ageing. Crystals 2022, 12, 297.
  36. Tavoni, M.; Dapporto, M.; Tampieri, A.; Sprio, S. Bioactive Calcium Phosphate-Based Composites for Bone Regeneration. J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5, 227.
  37. Furko, M.; Horváth, Z.E.; Czömpöly, O.; Balázsi, K.; Balázsi, C. Biominerals Added Bioresorbable Calcium Phosphate Loaded Biopolymer Composites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15737.
  38. Furko, M.; Horváth, Z.E.; Sulyok, A.; Mihály, J.; Balázsi, C. Preparation and morphological investigation on bioactive ion-modified carbonated hydroxyapatite-biopolymer composite ceramics as coatings for orthopedic implants. Ceram. Int. 2022, 48, 760–768.
  39. Furko, M.; Balázsi, C. Calcium phosphate based bioactive ceramic layers on implant materials preparation, properties, and biological performance. Coatings 2020, 10, 823.
  40. Madupalli, H.; Pavan, B.; Tecklenburg, M.M. Tecklenburg, Carbonate substitution in the mineral component of bone: Discriminating the structural changes, simultaneously imposed by carbonate in A and B sites of apatite. J. Solid State Chem. 2017, 255, 27–35.
  41. Khan, A.S.; Awais, M. Low-Cost Deposition of Antibacterial Ion-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Coatings onto 316L Stainless Steel for Biomedical and Dental Applications. Coatings 2020, 10, 880.
  42. Jun Wu, J.; Ueda, K.; Narushima, T. Fabrication of Ag and Ta co-doped amorphous calcium phosphate coating films by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering and their antibacterial activity. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 109, 110599.
  43. Cestari, F.; Agostinacchio, F.; Galotta, A.; Chemello, G.; Motta, A.; Sglavo, V.M. Nano-Hydroxyapatite Derived from Biogenic and Bioinspired Calcium Carbonates: Synthesis and In Vitro Bioactivity. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 264.
  44. Duta, L.; Dorcioman, G.; Grumezescu, V. A Review on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Fish Discards. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2856.
  45. Ho, W.-F.; Lee, M.-H.; Thomas, J.L.; Li, J.-A.; Wu, S.-C.; Hsu, H.-C.; Lin, H.-Y. Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules from Oyster Shell Promote the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9444.
  46. Balazsi, C.; Kövér, Z.; Horváth, E.; Németh, C.; Kasztovszky, Z.; Kurunczi, S.; Wéber, F. Examination of Calcium-Phosphates Prepared from Eggshell. In Materials Science Forum; Trans Tech Publications Ltd.: Wollerau, Switzerland, 2007; Volume 537, pp. 105–112.
  47. Kalbarczyk, M.; Szcześ, A.; Kantor, I.; May, Z.; Sternik, D. Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Eggshells from Different Poultry with and without the Eggshell Membrane. Materials 2022, 15, 934.
  48. Ismail, R.; Cionita, T.; Lai, Y.L.; Fitriyana, D.F.; Siregar, J.P.; Bayuseno, A.P.; Nugraha, F.W.; Muhamadin, R.C.; Irawan, A.P.; Hadi, A.E. Characterization of PLA/PCL/Green Mussel Shells Hydroxyapatite (HA) Biocomposites Prepared by Chemical Blending Methods. Materials 2022, 15, 8641.
  49. Ofudje, E.A.; Akinwunmi, F.; Sodiya, E.F.; Alayande, S.O.; Ogundiran, A.A.; Ajayi, G.O. Biogenic preparation of biphasic calcium phosphate powder from natural source of snail shells: Bioactivity study. SN Appl. Sci. 2022, 4, 144.
  50. Mocanu, A.C.; Stan, G.E.; Maidaniuc, A.; Miculescu, M.; Antoniac, I.V.; Ciocoiu, R.C.; Voicu, Ș.I.; Mitran, V.; Cîmpean, A.; Miculescu, F. Naturally-Derived Biphasic Calcium Phosphates through Increased Phosphorus-Based Reagent Amounts for Biomedical Applications. Materials 2019, 12, 381.
  51. Hussin, M.S.F.; Abdullah, H.Z.; Idris, M.I.; Wahap, M.A.A. Extraction of natural hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications—A review. Heliyon 2022, 8, e10356.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Materials Science, Biomaterials
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Monika Furko
,
Katalin Balázsi
,
Csaba Balázsi
View Times: 261
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 18 May 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback