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Fluorescence in Smart Textiles
Fluorescence has been identified as an advantageous feature in smart fabrics, notably for the protection of humans during outdoor athletic activities, as well as for preventing counterfeiting and determining authenticity. Fluorescence in smart fabrics is achieved using dendrimers, rare earth metal compounds, and fluorescent dye. The principal method for producing fluorescent fabrics is to immerse the sample in a solution containing fluorescent agents. However, covalent connections between fluorophores and textile substates should be established to improve the stability and intensity of the fluorescent characteristics. Fabric can be fluorescent throughout, or fluorescent fibers can be woven directly into the textile structures, made of natural (cotton, silk) or synthetic (polyamide- and polyester-based) fibers, into a precise pathway that becomes visible under ultraviolet irradiation.
  • 798
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescence Imaging with Chemical Sensors in Marine Research
Fluorescence imaging in combination with optical chemical sensors has become a powerful analytical tool that enables the visualization and quantification of chemical species within a sample or on sample surfaces. By the use of fluorescent sensor parameters which exhibit no intrinsic color or fluorescence, e.g., oxygen, pH, CO2, and H2O2, various metal cations or temperature can be imaged. Imaging methods by the means of optical sensors are applied in diverse scientific areas such as medical research and diagnostics, aerodynamics, environmental analysis, or marine research.
  • 176
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Fluorescence Imaging for Biomedical Applications
Molecular imaging offers the possibility to investigate biological and biochemical processes non-invasively and to obtain information on both anatomy and dysfunctions. Based on the data obtained, a fundamental understanding of various disease processes can be derived and treatment strategies can be planned. In this context, methods that combine several modalities in one probe are increasingly being used. Due to the comparably high sensitivity and provided complementary information, the combination of nuclear and optical probes has taken on a special significance.
  • 673
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fluorescence Enhancement without Structural Modifications
The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and its analogues have been widely used as fluorescent biomarkers in cell biology. Yet, the chromophore responsible for the fluorescence of the GFP is not emissive when isolated in solution, outside the protein environment. Many efforts have been devoted to the study of this famiy of fluorophores, especially on the ways to restaure their emission intensity without modifying their backbone. Here are presented several ways to enhance the emission intensity of these fluorophores, modifying their environment but not their structure.
  • 606
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescein Derivatives
This entry is dealing with fluorescein and its derivatives and focuses on their uses as pH-sensor in a biological context. It gathers chemical properties of the fluorescein family of compounds combined to biological issues. 
  • 3.1K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Fluidic Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices by Pen/Screen-printing
This is the fabrication of integrated electrochemical fluidic paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) using a marker pen drawing and screen-printing. The analytical utility of the ePADs is demonstrated through electrochemical determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry
  • 431
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) (INN), or fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 (USAN and USP), also commonly called fluorodeoxyglucose and abbreviated [18F]FDG, 18F-FDG or FDG, is a radiopharmaceutical used in the medical imaging modality positron emission tomography (PET). Chemically, it is 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose, a glucose analog, with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 substituted for the normal hydroxyl group at the C-2 position in the glucose molecule. The uptake of 18F-FDG by tissues is a marker for the tissue uptake of glucose, which in turn is closely correlated with certain types of tissue metabolism. After 18F-FDG is injected into a patient, a PET scanner can form two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the distribution of 18F-FDG within the body. Since its development in 1976, 18F-FDG had a profound influence on research in the neurosciences. The subsequent discovery in 1980 that 18F-FDG accumulates in tumors underpins the evolution of PET as a major clinical tool in cancer diagnosis. 18F-FDG is now the standard radiotracer used for PET neuroimaging and cancer patient management. The images can be assessed by a nuclear medicine physician or radiologist to provide diagnoses of various medical conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Flow analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis
Flow analysis is the science of performing quantitative analytical chemistry in flowing streams. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical method that separates ions in a narrow channel. Separation is based on ions electrophoretic mobility with the use of an applied voltage. Because of its efficiency and speed of analysis, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a prospective method for the monitoring of a flow composition withdrawn from various processes (e.g., occurring in bioreactors, fermentation, enzymatic assays, and microdialysis samples).
  • 800
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Flexible Textile-Based Sweat Sensors for Wearable Applications
The physical health care system has gradually evolved into a form of virtual hospitals communicating with sensors, which can not only save time but can also diagnose a patient’s physical condition in real time. Textile-based wearable sensors have recently been identified as detection platforms with high potential. They are developed for the real-time noninvasive detection of human physiological information to comprehensively analyze the health status of the human body. Sweat comprises various chemical compositions, which can be used as biomarkers to reflect the relevant information of the human physiology, thus providing references for health conditions. Combined together, textile-based sweat sensors are more flexible and comfortable than other conventional sensors, making them easily integrated into the wearable field. 
  • 737
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Flexible Stretchable Electrode
Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2022
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