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Topic Review
Ion-Channel Antiepileptic Drugs
The term seizures includes a wide array of different disorders with variable etiology, which currently represent one of the most important classes of neurological illnesses. As a consequence, many different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are currently available, exploiting different activity mechanisms and providing different levels of performance in terms of selectivity, safety, and efficacy. AEDs are currently among the psychoactive drugs most frequently involved in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) practices. Ezogabine (or retigabine), lacosamide, and zonisamide are the TDM of three AEDs belonging to the class of ion channel agents.
  • 441
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Methods of Thermal Treatment of Radioactive Waste
Nuclear power is generated by a small amount of fuel, as related to other non-renewable energy sources. The volume of waste formed in this process is comparably small. Thermal treatment of waste is a term given to any treatment technology that involves high temperatures in the processing of the waste feedstock. All the thermal treatment methods used for normal waste have been applied to radioactive waste.  
  • 866
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Moist Rice Husk Smoldering for Silica Production
In order to assess the possibility of silica production via smoldering of moist rice husk, experiments of washed (moist) rice husk (7 kg with moisture content of 51%) in a newly designed smoldering apparatus was performed. The temperature inside the fuel bed during smoldering was recorded, and characteristics of ash were analyzed. Results showed that the highest temperature in the middle of the naturally piled fuel bed was about 560.0 °C, lower than those in most of combustors. Some volatiles from the lower part of the fuel bed adhere to its upper ash during piled smoldering. Silica content and specific surface area of ash from smoldering of washed (moist) rice husk were 86.4% and 84.9 m2/g, respectively.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sterically Hindered Quaternary Phosphonium Salts (QPSs)
Structure–activity relationships are important for the design of biocides and sanitizers. The most commonly used biocides are nitrogen-containing compounds; the phosphorus-containing ones have been studied to a lesser extent. In the present study, a broad range of sterically hindered quaternary phosphonium salts (QPSs) based on tri-tert-butylphosphine was tested for their activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. gypseum). Additionally, the hemolytic and cytotoxic properties of QPSs were determined using blood and a normal liver cell line, respectively.
  • 385
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inhibitor-Enzyme Complexes for New Anti-TB Agents
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most devastating human pathogen, as confirmed by the latest TB Report published in October.
  • 518
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Graffiti Treatments on Natural Stone Materials
Graffiti vandalism represents an aesthetic and structural phenomenon of degradation both for buildings and cultural heritage: the most used sprays and markers can permeate the stone materials exposing them to degradation. Hence, great attention is being currently devoted to new non-invasive chemical approaches to face this urgent problem. This work is aimed at deeply examining the effects of some of the most sustainable chemical protective methods on the physical properties of natural building materials (e.g., tuff and limestone) by testing two commercial antigraffiti products.
  • 638
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Non-Viral Delivery Systems
Non-viral delivery system simply refers to the use of non-viral vectors for drugs, genes or RNA delivery into cells. Non-viral vectors are safer, less toxic non-immunogenic alternatives to the viral vectors. They are easy to design, develop, and are inexpensive. 
  • 405
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Titanium Nitriding Methods: Drawbacks and Benefits
The application of titanium alloys in aircraft construction is expanding due to their high corrosion resistance and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, if not specially treated, they are characterized by relatively low wear resistance [1,2], a significant limiting factor for their application. The surface treatment may improve this characteristic, and diffusion-saturation by nitrogen is the gold standard, and this section discusses the features, benefits, and shortcomings of the most common titanium nitriding methods.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Red Seaweed Pigments
Algae taxa are notably diverse regarding pigment diversity and composition, red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) being a valuable source of phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrins, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin), carotenes (carotenoids and xanthophylls), and chlorophyll a. These pigments have a considerable biotechnological potential, which has been translated into several registered patents and commercial applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nano/Microrobots in Action for Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
Nano/microrobots (NMRs) are tiny devices that can convert energy into motion and operate at nano/microscales.54 Especially in biomedical research, NMRs have received much attention over the past twenty years because of their excellent capabilities and great potential in various applications, including on-demand drug delivery, gene and cell transport, and precise microsurgery. Reports published in recent years show that synthetic nano/microrobots have promising potential to function in the gastrointestinal (GI) region, particularly in terms of drug delivery.
  • 576
  • 20 Jan 2022
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