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Topic Review
Overview of Polylactic Acid
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an important polymer that is based on renewable biomass resources. Because of environmental issues, more renewable sources for polymers synthesis have been sought for industrial purposes.
  • 4.1K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment and so on. A variety of preparation methods for graphene was summarized . The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were focused. Two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. The wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage were discussed.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Depolymerization of Lignin
Due to the increased and excessive consumption of fossil fuels, sustainable alternative energy sources are badly needed to replace fossil fuels. The conversion of biomass into energy and value-added chemicals is one of the most promising potential pathways to solve this problem. Millions of tons of lignin, one of the major components of biomass, are produced annually as a byproduct of various industries, where it is treated as a low-value material. However, since it has an aromatic polymer nature, lignin is a proven source for different value-added products. Studies suggest that the selective cleavage of a specific bond of the complex lignin structure is one of the major challenges of converting lignin to a targeted product. Acid and base catalytic depolymerization methods are straightforward, but due to their low selectivity and comparatively severe reaction conditions, they are expensive and not eco-friendly. Pyrolysis-based depolymerization comes with similar problems but has a higher conversion. In contrast, greener approaches, such as oxidative, microwave-assisted, super/sub-critical fluids (SCF), ionic liquid (IL), and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based depolymerization techniques, have shown higher efficiency in terms of converting the lignin into phenolic compounds even under milder reaction conditions.
  • 458
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Application of Additional Conductive Layers
Polymer composites are at increasingly used as structural materials replacing metal alloys due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. The conductivity of epoxy resin, depending on its type, ranges from 10−17 to 10−12 S/cm, so it is classified as an insulator, i.e., a material with a conductivity below 10−12 S/cm, while carbon fiber is about 6 × 102 S/cm, which allows it to be classified as a semiconductor, i.e., a material whose conductivity is between 10−12 and 103 S/cm. The EP/CF composite, on the other hand, has a conductivity of about 10−4–10−2 S/cm, that is, it also classifies as a semiconductor. The methods to improve the conductivity have been categorized into three groups: modification of the matrix with conductive fillers, modification of the composite reinforcement, and addition of layers with increased electrical conductivity to the composite. 
  • 583
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid
The most versatile furanic building block for chemical and polymer applications is 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. However, the classical 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid production methodology has been found to have significant drawbacks that hinder industrial-scale production.  The following content highlights new alternative methods to synthesize 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid that are both more advantageous and attractive than conventional oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Metabolomics Approaches for Analysis of Non-Halal Meats
Halal meats are meats that are allowed to be consumed by Muslim societies according to Islamic law (Syariah). Due to the development of food technology, non-halal meats such as pork or canine meat are added to food products to reduce the production costs. Non-halal meats also include meats from animals which are not slaughtered according to Syariah law; therefore, the availability of a standardized analytical method capable of detecting the presence of non-halal meats with high sensitivity is very urgent. The metabolomics technique, either targeted or untargeted approaches based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurements is an emerging analytical method applied to the identification of non-halal meats in food products. The LC-MS/MS measurements provide an enormous metabolomics data, therefore, sophisticated data analysis tools such as chemometrics is required.
  • 655
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Seaweed Phenolics
Seaweed, also referred to as macroalgae, have been studied as potential aquafeed ingredients since the late 1970s but have been implemented as a poultry feed supplement since the 1950s. Seaweed phenolics provide alternative ingredients that are complementary to synthetic additives used in aquaculture, possessing a broad spectrum of bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-stress, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, and appetite stimulation. Also, their antioxidant properties retard lipid oxidation and preserve feed quality improving shelf life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals
Chitosan is established as a non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible compound. It offers fascinating properties; antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bio-adhesion, adsorption enhancer, etc. Chitosan coupled with nanotechnology could offer a sustainable alternative to the use of conventional agrochemicals towards a safer agriculture industry.
  • 541
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biosensing Applications of PC-12 Cell Line
The immortalized PC-12 cell line demonstrated to be a classical neuronal cell model derived from rat pheochromocytoma with the ability to acquire the sympathetic neurons features in a differentiation process in the presence of nerve growth factor. PC-12 cell line was shown to be the preferred model in neurobiology study using biosensing devices. The analytical achievements and applicability of reported biosensing devices in PC-12 cultures for the detection of ions, neurotransmitters, and cellular events are summarized.
  • 440
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
PC-12 Cell Line
PC-12 cells have been widely used as a neuronal line study model in many biosensing devices, mainly due to the neurogenic characteristics acquired after differentiation, such as high level of secreted neurotransmitter, neuron morphology characterized by neurite outgrowth, and expression of ion and neurotransmitter receptors. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jul 2022
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