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Topic Review
Bismuth Halide Perovskites for CO2 Photoreduction
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) stands as a viable strategy to produce solar fuels and mitigate the high dependence on highly polluting fossil fuels, as well as to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The design of efficient photocatalytic materials is crucial to ensure the long-term application of the CO2RR process. So far, perovskite materials have shown high efficiencies in CO2RR to generate different solar fuels, specially lead halide perovskites (LHP), which exhibit valuable features for the obtention of high production yields (e.g., narrow band gaps, adequate potentials for CO2RR, good charge transport properties, etc.). Nonetheless, the presence of lead involves an important environmental impact that cannot be negligible in the design of industrial-scale photocatalytic processes. Hence, the search for efficient Lead-free Halide Perovskites (LFHP) remains a high-priority task in the research of functional materials for CO2RR, since LFHPs could maintain the properties of LHPs, while keeping low environmental impacts and accessible costs of production. As an alternative, bismuth-based LFHPs have gained much attention due to their higher absorption coefficients, their more efficient charge transfer (compared to oxide perovskites), and their required thermodynamic potential for CO2RR. However, despite all the remarkable advantages of bismuth halide perovskites, their use has been limited, owing to instability concerns. The performance of bismuth-based LFHPs are discussed, as well as stability strategies from intrinsic and extrinsic standpoints.
  • 623
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) can be used effectively and efficiently for water treatment, along with other nanotechnologies. Owing to rising concerns regarding the environmental unfriendliness and toxicity of nanomaterials, ZnO NPs have been synthesized through biologically available and replenishable sources using a green chemistry or green synthesis protocol. The green-synthesized ZnO NPs are less toxic, more eco-friendly, and more biocompatible than other chemically and physically synthesized materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phase Transition of Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Lipid based nanoparticles effectively transport delicate molecules for therapeutic purposes, protecting them from degradation, increasing their stability in the blood circulation and allowing to convey and release the transported substances in specific areas of the body. The formulation of liposomes, cubosomes and hexosomes can be tuned to obtain pH- or temperature responsive nanoparticles. Understanding the response to such external stimuli is of paramount importance for the design and production of efficient drug delivery systems. 
  • 698
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Glycan-Based Biosensors for Biomarker Detection
Electrochemical biosensing enables the detection of different analytes with high sensitivity; the equipment is simple, affordable, and amenable to miniaturization; and the electrode surface chemistry can adapt to specific applications. Electrochemical biosensors use several electroanalytical techniques, including voltammetric techniques—such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and amperometry—as well as potentiometric, conductometric, and spectroscopic techniques such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy (ECS). Regarding analytical performance, EIS- and ECS-based glycan biosensors are highly sensitive compared with voltammetric and amperometric biosensors. Therefore, they are promising techniques for developing devices for detecting analytes at ultralow concentrations.
  • 360
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cryogenic-Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Alloys
Research on the mechanical properties of bulk-amorphous alloys at low temperatures has mostly focused on tension and compression studies and there are relatively few studies on their low-temperature impact properties. In order to expand the application of bulk amorphous alloys in low-temperature extreme environments, it is necessary to continue to explore other properties of bulk-amorphous alloys and to reveal the response mechanism of their microstructures and properties at low temperatures.
  • 460
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Significance of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are widespread and biologically active water-soluble phenolic pigments responsible for a wide range of vivid colours, from red (acidic conditions) to purplish blue (basic conditions), present in fruits, vegetables, and coloured grains. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Natural Compounds from Plants
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been widely studied and described. In the age of bacterial drug resistance, an intensive search for new agents with antibacterial properties or a new form of antibiotics with effective action is necessary.
  • 652
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions Unveiled in Molecular Junctions
Understanding chemical processes at the single-molecule scale represents the ultimate limit of analytical chemistry. Single-molecule detection techniques allow one to reveal the detailed dynamics and kinetics of a chemical reaction with unprecedented accuracy. It has also enabled the discoveries of new reaction pathways or intermediates/transition states that are inaccessible in conventional ensemble experiments, which is critical to elucidating their intrinsic mechanisms.
  • 359
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Wound Dressings
Wound management remains a challenging issue around the world, although a lot of wound dressing materials have been produced for the treatment of chronic and acute wounds. Wound healing is a highly dynamic and complex regulatory process that involves four principal integrated phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Chronic non-healing wounds are wounds that heal significantly more slowly, fail to progress to all the phases of the normal wound healing process, and are usually stalled at the inflammatory phase. These wounds cause a lot of challenges to patients, such as severe emotional and physical stress and generate a considerable financial burden on patients and the general public healthcare system. It has been reported that about 1–2% of the global population suffers from chronic non-healing wounds during their lifetime in developed nations. Traditional wound dressings are dry, and therefore cannot provide moist environment for wound healing and do not possess antibacterial properties. Wound dressings that are currently used consist of bandages, films, foams, patches and hydrogels. Currently, hydrogels are gaining much attention as a result of their water-holding capacity, providing a moist wound-healing milieu. 
  • 653
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Organic Molecule-Based Probes for Arsenic Species
Arsenic (As), a non-metallic element located in group VA and period IV of the periodic table, is widely found in nature. Its average concentration in the Earth’s crust is approximately 2~5 mg/kg, which ranks as the 20th position of the elements forming the Earth’s crust. Trace amounts of arsenic can exist in soil, water, minerals, plants and normal human tissues. Arsenic presents in the forms of inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic, specifically As3+ and As5+. Arsenic is a toxic and carcinogenic element. Inorganic arsenic is more toxic than organic arsenic, and As3+ is around 60 times more toxic than As5+. Inorganic arsenic species mainly exist in the form of arsenate in water, such as H3AsO4, H3AsO3, H2AsO4−, H2AsO3−, AsO33− and AsO43−.
  • 365
  • 12 Dec 2022
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