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Topic Review
Hydrogels for Oral Tissue Engineering
Oral health is crucial to daily life, yet many people worldwide suffer from oral diseases. With the development of oral tissue engineering, there is a growing demand for dental biomaterials. Addressing oral diseases often requires a two-fold approach: fighting bacterial infections and promoting tissue growth. Hydrogels are promising tissue engineering biomaterials that show great potential for oral tissue regeneration and drug delivery.
  • 690
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic based Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis has become a powerful tool in recent biomarker detection and clinic diagnosis due to high sensitivity and broad linear range. To improve the analytical performance of ECL biosensors, various advanced nanomaterials have been introduced to regulate ECL signal such as graphene, gold nanomaterials, quantum dots. Among these nanomaterials, some plasmonic nanostructures play important roles in the fabrication of ECL biosensors. The plasmon effect for ECL signal includes ECL quenching by resonant energy transfer, ECL enhancement by surface plasmon resonance enhancement, and change in the polarized angle of ECL emission. The influence can be regulated by the distance between ECL emitters and plasmonic materials, and the characteristic of polarization-angle-dependent surface plasmon coupling. This research outlines the recent advances of plasmonic based ECL biosensors involving various plasmonic materials include noble metals and semiconductor nanomaterials. The detection targets in these biosensors range from small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and cells thanks to the plasmonic effect. In addition to ECL biosensors, ECL microscopy analysis with plasmonic materials is also highlighted because of the enhanced ECL image quality by plasmonic effect. In the end, the future opportunities and challenges are discussed if more plasmonic effect will be introduced into ECL realm.
  • 405
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Dots in Electrochemical Biosensing Composites
Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials that have been polymerized. CDs have been extensively used as biosensors. CDs are a subclass of nanoparticles, defined by a quasi-spherical morphology with a single unit with a characteristic size < 10 nm. CDs have been extensively used as electrochemical sensing composites due to their interesting chemical, electronic, and mechanical properties giving rise to increased performance.
  • 423
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Reaction Mechanisms of Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propylene Glycol
The development and growth of the biodiesel industry has led to a parallel market for the supply of glycerol, its main by-product. Its wide availability and relatively low cost as a raw material make glycerol a basic component for obtaining various chemical products and allows for the development of a biorefinery around biodiesel plants, through the technological integration of different production processes. Catalytic hydrogenolysis is an interesting alternative because it leads to the formation of 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-PG) and other glycols such as 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG) and ethylene glycol (EG), widely used in the chemical industry. In the following text, the main reaction mechanisms of glycerol hydrogenolysis are presented, focusing on the production of 1,2-PG, in order of chronological appearance.
  • 760
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Design of Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks
Chemical modification and self-assembly of molecules as well as constructing porphyrin-based metal (covalent) organic frameworks are often used to improve its solar light utilization and electron transfer rate. Especially porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in which porphyrin molecules are connected by covalent bonds combine the structural advantages of organic frameworks with light-capturing properties of porphyrins and exhibit great potential in light-responsive materials. 
  • 446
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions
Multicomponent reactions are a fascinating family of organic chemistry transformations. Traditional bimolecular reactions are outperformed by such reactions, which combine three or more reactants into one reaction product. Multicomponent reactions speed up chemical space exploration by minimizing the quantity of synthesis and refinement steps needed to create a particular target. Isocyanides (isonitriles) were the only stable organic molecules containing a formally divalent carbon atom for a long period of time. The group of isocyanides are distinguishable from other functional groups due to their reactivity.
  • 476
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
DNA-Guided Metallization of Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications
Precise control of the structure of metallic nanomaterials is critical for the advancement of nanobiotechnology. As DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) can readily modify various moieties, such as sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and amino groups, using DNA as a directing ligand to modulate the morphology of nanomaterials is a promising strategy. 
  • 231
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Noise in Designing a Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory
The proper design of a transmission electron microscopy facility is mandatory to fully use the advanced performances of modern equipment, capable of atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopies, and it is a prerequisite to conceive new methodologies for future advances of the knowledge. When quantitatively evaluating the effects of noise on TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)/STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy) experiments, there are three main parameters to be considered: spatial resolution, signal amplitude, and signal-to-noise ratio. All of them can be negatively affected by the presence of external sources of noise, whose removal is crucial for TEM/STEM experiments to exploit the highest instrumental performance and capabilities. All noise sources of interest and relevant mitigation approaches are analyzed in detail. 
  • 569
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Copper-Coordinated Thiazoles and Benzothiazoles as Antimicrobial Agents
Thiazole and benzothiazole are present in different structures with interesting biological effects and are used to develop new effective antimicrobial agents. Moreover, nitrogen atoms that are present in this heterocycle allow for coordination with various metals, forming metal complexes that enhance the biological activity of organic ligands that are often used as commercial drugs.
  • 422
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Rational Design of Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Membranes
Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have been widely investigated and have been found to have enormous potential in membrane separation due to their uniform pore size and high designability. Notably, pure MOF films and MOF mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are the core of the “next generation” MOF materials.
  • 462
  • 09 May 2023
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