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Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new chemical medium and soft functional material developed under the framework of green chemistry and possess many unique properties, such as low melting points, low-to-negligible vapor pressures, excellent solubility, structural designability and high thermal stability. 
  • 904
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Carbon
Renewable carbon is one of the most important materials which have been used in a wide range of applications, such as chemical catalysis, medicinal purification, environmental cleaning and metal extraction. Meanwhile, with the development of technology, the use field of renewable carbon keeps expanding to new areas, such as electrode and super-capacitors for energetic cell, as well as many other innovative industries. Similar to carbon nanotube (CNT) or graphene, it has variable characteristics of surface groups, along with high interface reactivity. These surface groups provide abundant reaction sites for chemical modification via electrostatic/van der Waals force, chemical bonding or noncovalent π-π interactions, thus imparting carbon particles with excellent natural affinity toward a large number of substrates. Moreover, the highly developed porous structure renders renewable carbon with a large range of surface area (500-3000 m2/g). It consists of thin graphite layers with exceptional mechanical strength, which highlights its great potential to be used as reinforcement agent in advanced packaging composites.
  • 903
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Single-Chain Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles
Here, we report the creation of amphiphilic polymers based on the presence of a high-molecular weight hydrophobic poly(epichlorohydrin) backbone and hydrophobic pendant oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) chains, whereby a combination of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity induce folding of an individual polymer chain into a single-chain polymeric nanoparticle (SCPN) (1) at high solution concentrations, (2) without requiring addition of catalysts and additives, (3) in the absence of external stimuli, and (4) under ambient aqueous conditions. Thus, this approach can be an effective way to generate water-soluble SCPNs; this breakthrough in the development of SCPNs may enable a significant advance in enabling the broad application of biomedical fields.
  • 903
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Dendrimer Nanodevices and Gallic Acid
Human neuroblastoma (NB), a pediatric tumor inclined to relapse, after an initial response to therapy, usually develops resistance. Since several chemotherapeutics, including the weel known etoposide (ETO), exert anticancer effect by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), NB cells overproduce antioxidant compounds becoming drugs-resistant. Moreover, ETO, although widely used, suffers from fast metabolism, poor solubility and systemic toxicity, that limit its administration dosage and its therapeutic efficiency. An appealing strategy to sensitize NB cells to chemotherapy involves the use of less toxic natural compounds able to reduce antioxidant defenses of NB cells and to induce ROS overproduction. In this contest, although affected by several issues as instability and poor absorbability, antioxidant/pro-oxidant polyphenols, such as gallic acid (GA), showed pro-oxidant anti-cancer effects and low toxicity for healthy cells, in several kind of tumors, not including NB. Herein, for the first time, free GA, two GA-dendrimers, and the dendrimer adopted as GA reservoir were tested on both sensitive and chemoresistant NB cells. Furthermore, the dendrimer adopted as carrier for GA was exploited also for entrapping and protecting ETO and for enhancing its solubility and effectiveness.The dendrimer device induced ROS-mediated death both in sensitive NB cells and also in chemoresistant ones. Free GA proved a dose-dependent ROS-mediated cytotoxicity on both cell populations. Intriguingly, when administered in dendrimer formulations at a dose not cytotoxic for NB cells, GA nullified any pro-oxidant activity of dendrimer. Unfortunately, due to GA, nanoformulations were inactive on NB cells, but GA resized in nanoparticles showed considerable ability in counteracting, at low dose, ROS production and oxidative stress, herein induced by the dendrimer. Interestingly, the ETO-dendrimer showed a synergistic action, controlled released over time with a significantly improved drug bioactivity, representing a novel biodegradable and promising device for the delivery of ETO into NB cells.
  • 903
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Hydrochar for Potential Wastewater Treatment Applications
In today’s world, due to population increase, there are many alarming and potential catastrophic problems like climate change, environmental pollution and an enormous mass of wastes constantly produced by humankind to find innovative solutions for the management, recycling, and valorization of biowaste from agricultural production, food processing, and organic household residues. The search for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment technologies has gained scientific interest; particular focus is on using biowaste to produce hydrochars (HCs) via the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process used as adsorbent materials for dye, heavy metal, and emerging pollutant removal. HTC materials derived from renewable resources are an environmentally friendly and adequate way to adsorb pollutants such as organic and inorganic molecules from wastewaters. 
  • 902
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Applications of High Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), commonly known as plexiglass, is a kind of polymer synthesized by free radical polymerization, ionic polymerization and coordination polymerization. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in aviation, architecture, medical treatment, optical instruments and other fields because of its good transparency, chemical stability and electrical insulation.
  • 902
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Porous Gold Enzyme-Based Electrodes
Porous gold (PG) layers modified electrodes have emerged as valuable enzyme support to realize multiple enzyme-based bioelectrochemical devices like biosensors, enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs), smart drug delivery devices triggered by enzyme catalyzed reactions, etc.  PG films can be synthesized by using different methods such as dealloying, electrochemical (e.g., templated electrochemical deposition, self-templated electrochemical deposition etc.) self-assembly and sputter deposition. Herein, all the recent findings about PG enzyme based-electrodes for biosensors and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) development are discussed.
  • 902
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Thermal Characterization of Low-Dimensional Materials
Heat dissipation and thermal management are central challenges in various areas of science and technology and are critical issues for the majority of nanoelectronic devices. In this review, we focus on experimental advances in thermal characterization and phonon engineering that have drastically increased the understanding of heat transport and demonstrated efficient ways to control heat propagation in nanomaterials.
  • 901
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Eggshell Membrane for Bone Regeneration
The physicochemical features of the avian eggshell membrane play an essential role in the process of calcium carbonate deposition during shell mineralization, giving rise to a porous mineralized tissue with remarkable mechanical properties and biological functions. The membrane could be useful by itself or as a bi-dimensional scaffold to build future bone-regenerative materials.
  • 901
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Depolymerization Methods of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
The significant amount of waste generated by poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) requires the development of a recycling process chain in which chemical recycling plays an important role. On the one hand, it allows the depolymerization of degraded plastics that do not meet the quality requirements to be used in mechanical recycling, and on the other hand, provides an opportunity to process cheap waste and obtain products with greater added value. It can be widely used in the recycling of both packaging plastics and textiles, or other waste generated with PET.
  • 901
  • 12 Oct 2023
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