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Topic Review
Triazole-Modified Nucleic Acids
Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) are widely used in RNA therapeutics as LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotides. From the structural point of view, LNA is an RNA derivative in which the ribose ring is constrained by a methylene linkage between the 2′-oxygen and the 4′-carbon. This conformational restriction causes an increased binding affinity to complementary DNA and RNA sequences, but the susceptibility to RNase H should be optimized for individual applications.
  • 933
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Coconut Palm
The price of traditional sources of nutrients used in animal feed rations is increasing steeply in developed countries due to their scarcity, high demand from humans for the same food items, and expensive costs of raw materials. Thus, one of the alternative sources is coconut parts or coconut as a whole fruit. Coconut is known as the ‘tree of abundance’, ‘tree of heaven’, and ‘tree of life’ owing to its numerous uses, becoming a very important tree in tropical areas for its provision of food, employment, and business opportunities to millions of people. Coconut contains a rich profile of macro and micronutrients that vary depending on the parts and how they are used. It is frequently chosen as an alternative source of protein and fiber. Its uses as an antibacterial agent, immunomodulant, and antioxidant further increase its importance. Using coconut oil in ruminant feed helps to minimize methane gas emissions by 18–30%, and to reduce dry matter intake up to 4.2 kg/d. The aquaculture sectors also use coconut palm as an alternative source because it significantly improves the digestion, growth, lipid metabolism, health, and antioxidative responses. However, coconut is not widely used in poultry diets although it has adequate amount of protein and carbohydrate due to anti-nutritional factors such cellulose (13%), galactomannan (61%), and mannan (26%). 
  • 933
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Encapsulation of Bioactive Phytochemicals
Many consumers are switching to a plant-based diet because of their concerns about animal-derived foods on the environment, human health, and animal welfare. There has therefore been great interest in identifying, isolating, and characterizing functional ingredients from botanical sources, especially waste streams from food and agricultural production. 
  • 933
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing
The shipbuilding industry, engine manufacturing, aviation, rocket and space technology are promising fields of application for polymeric composite materials. Shape-generating moulding tools with internal heating are used for the creation of a more economically viable method of moulding of internally heated composite structures. The use of a fine-fibered resistive structure in the heated tools allows implementation of effective heating of the composite and elimination of the need for expensive and energy-intensive heating equipment.
  • 933
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pt-Based Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted extensive attention because of their high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and lack of noise pollution. However, PEMFCs still face many difficulties in practical application, such as insufficient power density, high cost, and poor durability. The main reason for these difficulties is the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode due to the insufficient stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. It is very important to develop advanced platinum (Pt)-based catalysts to realize low Pt loads and long-term operation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) modules to improve the performance of PEMFC. By designing the structure of a Pt-based catalyst, it can be generated on a special surface structure, so as to boost the stability and activity of Pt-based catalysts, such as low-dimensional nanostructures (e.g., two-dimensional nanoplates and one-dimensional nanowires). These structures not only have high conductivity, but can also make sure the nanocrystals are fully in contact with the support and effectively inhibit Ostwald ripening, with excellent stability.
  • 933
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Shot Peening and Cavitation Peening
Shot peening is a dynamically developing surface treatment used to improve the surface properties modified by tool, impact, microblasting, or shot action.
  • 932
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Β-lactam Antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a rare variant of Penicillium notatum (since renamed Penicillium chrysogenum). Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
  • 931
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic biomass Greener Pretreatment Approaches
The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in various applications has a promising potential as advanced technology progresses due to its renowned advantages as cheap and abundant feedstock. The main drawback in the utilization of this type of biomass is the essential requirement for the pretreatment process. The most common pretreatment process applied is chemical pretreatment. However, it is a non-eco-friendly process. 
  • 930
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sensors Used in Water Monitoring
Water monitoring sensors in industrial, municipal and environmental monitoring are advancing our understanding of science, aid developments in process automatization and control and support real-time decisions in emergency situations. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, increasingly specialized and diversified and cheaper. Advanced deployment platforms now exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. For a large percentage of submerged instrumentation, biofouling is the single biggest factor affecting the operation, maintenance and data quality. This increases the cost of ownership to the extent that it is prohibitive to maintain operational sensor networks and infrastructures. In this context, the paper provides a brief overview of biofouling, including the development and properties of biofilms. The state-of-the-art established and emerging antifouling strategies are reviewed and discussed. 
  • 930
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Gellan
Gellan is a water-soluble gum that structurally exists as a tetrasaccharide comprised of 20% glucuronic acid, 60% glucose and 20% rhamnose, for which various food, non-food and biomedical applications have been reported.
  • 929
  • 08 May 2021
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