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Topic Review
Core–Shell Pigments Nanostructure
Uses of novel technologies for improving the durability and lifespan of the construction materials have emerged as viable solutions toward the sustainable future wherein the coating industry plays a significant role in economy growth and better livelihoods. Thus, the continual innovation of various technologies to introduce diverse market products has become indispensable. Properties of materials like color stability under UV, elevated temperatures and aggressive environments, and skid and abrasion resistance are the main challenges faced by commercial coating materials, leading to more demand of natural materials as sustainable agents. Lately, nanostructured core–shell pigments with unique compositions have widely been utilized in composite materials to enhance their properties. Core–shell particles exhibit smart properties and have immense benefits when combined with building materials. 
  • 941
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Salts Hydrates and Composites
Salt hydrates are alloys of salts and water. Salt hydrates display high theoretical energy densities, which are promising materials in thermal energy storage (TES).
  • 941
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
Iron oxides are chemical compounds which havedifferent polymorphic forms, including γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite), Fe3O4(magnetite), and FeO (wustite). Among them, the most studiedare γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4,as they possess extraordinary properties at the nanoscale (such as superparamagnetism, high specific surface area, biocompatible etc.),because at this size scale, the quantum effectsaffect matter behavior and optical, electrical and magnetic properties.Therefore, in the nanoscale, these materials become ideal for surface functionalization and modification in various applications such as separation techniques, magnetic sorting (cells and other biomolecules etc.), drug delivery, cancer hyperthermia, sensing etc., and also for increased surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for excellent dispersibility in the solution form.The current methods used are partially and passively mixed reactants, and,thus, every reaction has a different proportion of all factors which causes further difficulties in reproducibility.Direct active and complete mixing and automated approaches could be solutions to thissize- and shape-controlled synthesis, playing a key role in its exploitation for scientific or technological purposes. An ideal synthesis method should be able to allow reliable adjustment of parameters andcontrol over the following: fluctuation in temperature;pH, stirring rate;particle distribution; size control;concentration; and control over nanoparticle shape andcomposition i.e., crystallinity, purity, and rapid screening. Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)-based available clinical applications are RNA/DNAextraction and detection of infectious bacteria andviruses. Such technologies are important at POC (point of care) diagnosis.IONPs can play a key role in these perspectives.Although there are various methods for synthesis of IONPs,one of the most crucial goals is to control size and properties with high reproducibility to accomplish successful applications.Using multiple characterization techniques to identify and confirm the oxide phase of iron can provide better characterization capability. It is very important to understand the in-depth IONP formation mechanism, enabling better control over parameters and overall reaction and, by extension, properties of IONPs.This workprovides an in-depth overview ofdifferent properties, synthesis methods, and mechanisms of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) formation, and the diverse range of theirapplications. Differentcharacterization factors and strategiesto confirm phase purity in the IONP synthesis field are reviewed.First, properties of IONPs and various synthesis routes with their merits and demerits are described. We also describe different synthesis strategies and formation mechanisms for IONPs such as for: wustite (FeO), hematite(α-Fe2O3), maghemite(ɤ-Fe2O3) and magnetite(Fe3O4). We also describe characterization of these nanoparticles and various applications in detail. In conclusion, we present a detailed overview on the properties, size-controlled synthesis, formation mechanisms and applications of IONPs.
  • 940
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Anthocyanin Pigments in Blood Oranges
Anthocyanins are natural pigments that give a red, purple, and blue color to many plant, flower, fruit, and vegetable species. Their presence within the genus Citrus was first reported in 1916, and it is well-known that the red color of the flesh and rind of blood (red or pigmented) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is due to the presence of anthocyanins. They are also present in the young shoots, flowers, and peel of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.), citron (Citrus medica L.), and other citrus species. 
  • 940
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Adsorbing Materials for Fluoride Removal
In recent years, there has been an increase in public perception of the detrimental side-effects of fluoride to human health due to its effects on teeth and bones. Today, there is a plethora of techniques available for the removal of fluoride from drinking water. Among them, adsorption is a very prospective method because of its handy operation, cost efficiency, and high selectivity. 
  • 939
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nitroaldol Reaction
The Henry Reaction (also referred to as the nitro-aldol reaction) is a classic carbon–carbon bond formation reaction in organic chemistry. Discovered in 1895 by the Belgian chemist Louis Henry (1834-1913), it is the combination of a nitroalkane and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a base to form β-Nitro alcohols. This type of reaction is commonly referred to as a "nitro-aldol" reaction (nitroalkane, aldehyde, and alcohol) It is nearly analogous to the aldol reaction that had been discovered 23 years prior that couples two carbonyl compounds to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds known as "aldols" (aldehyde and alcohol). The Henry reaction is a useful technique in the area of organic chemistry due to the synthetic utility of its corresponding products, as they can be easily converted to other useful synthetic intermediates. These conversions include subsequent dehydration to yield nitroalkenes, oxidation of the secondary alcohol to yield α-nitro ketones, or reduction of the nitro group to yield β-amino alcohols. Many of these uses have been exemplified in the syntheses of various pharmaceuticals including the β-blocker (S)-propranolol, the HIV protease inhibitor Amprenavir (Vertex 478), and construction of the carbohydrate subunit of the anthracycline class of antibiotics, L-Acosamine. The synthetic scheme of the L-Acosamine synthesis can be found in the Examples section of this article.
  • 938
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metal Doped PVA Films
Polyvinyl alcohol is unique among polymers. Apart from its preparation, it is not built up in polymerization reactions from monomers, unlike most vinyl-polymers, and it is biodegradable in the presence of suitably acclimated microorganisms.
  • 937
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polymers-Based Flexible Supercapacitors for Energy
Flexible supercapacitors are highly demanding due to their wearability, washability, lightweight property and rollability. Supercapacitors are specially designed capacitors which have huge capacitance value and energy density when compared to the conventional capacitors that are with fast storage ability and high energy density than capacitors
  • 937
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Components of Supercapacitors
The enormous demand for energy due to rapid technological developments pushes mankind to the limits in the exploration of high-performance energy devices. Among the two major energy storage devices (capacitors and batteries), electrochemical capacitors (known as ‘Supercapacitors’) play a crucial role in the storage and supply of conserved energy from various sustainable sources. The high power density and the ultra-high cyclic stability are the attractive characteristics of supercapacitors. However, the low energy density is a major downside of them, which is also responsible for the extensive research in this field to help the charge storage capabilities thrive to their limits. Discoveries of electrical double-layer formation, pseudocapacitive and intercalation-type (battery-type) behaviors drastically improved the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. The introduction of nanostructured active materials (carbon-/metal-/redox-active-polymer/metal-organic/covalent-organic framework-based electrode materials), electrolytes (conventional aqueous and unconventional systems) with superior electrochemical stability and unprecedented device architectures further boosted their charge storage characteristics. 
  • 937
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Potential Photodynamic Diagnosis Targets
Photodynamic diagnosis and therapy (PDD and PDT) are emerging, non/minimally invasive techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Both techniques require a photosensitizer and light to visualize or destroy cancer cells. However, a limitation of conventional, non-targeted PDT is poor selectivity, causing side effects. The bioconjugation of a photosensitizer to a tumor-targeting molecule, such as an antibody or a ligand peptide, is a way to improve selectivity. The bioconjugation strategy can generate a tumor-targeting photosensitizer conjugate specific for cancer cells, or ideally, for multiple tumor compartments to improve selectivity and efficacy, such as cancer stem cells and tumor neovasculature within the tumor microenvironment. If successful, such targeted photosensitizer conjugates can also be used for specific visualization and detection of cancer cells and/or tumor angiogenesis (an early event in tumorigenesis) with the hope of an early diagnosis of cancer.
  • 937
  • 03 Dec 2020
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