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Topic Review
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been widely employed as drug carriers owing to their exquisite physico-chemical properties. Mesoporous material Solid and porous material, with natural or synthetic character, with an average pore size between microporous (less than 2 nm) and macroporous (more than 50 nm). The pore structure can be ordered or not and provides an extremely high surface area in a relatively small amount of material According to IUPAC notation, the mesoporous category is midway between the pore sizes that define microporous materials, up to 2 nm, and macroporous, pore diameters greater than 50 nm. They have a large number of applications in the fields of catalysis, molecular separation, drug release or chemical sensors among others, as a result of the network of porous cavities in their internal structure. - Examples: ordered mesoporous silica materials, carbon molecular sieves, porous organic / inorganic hybrid materials and porous metal oxides.
  • 949
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Boron Chemicals
Boron-based bioactive compounds have provided amphiphilic properties to facilitate interaction with protein targets. Indeed, the spectrum of boron-based entities as drug candidates against many diseases has grown tremendously since the first clinically tested boron-based drug, Velcade. 
  • 949
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Benchmarking Data Sets
Developing realistic data sets for evaluating virtual screening methods is a task that has been tackled by the cheminformatics community for many years. Numerous artificially constructed data collections were developed, such as DUD, DUD-E, or DEKOIS. However, they all suffer from multiple drawbacks, one of which is the absence of experimental results confirming the impotence of presumably inactive molecules, leading to possible false negatives in the ligand sets. In light of this problem, the PubChem BioAssay database, an open-access repository providing the bioactivity information of compounds that were already tested on a biological target, is now a recommended source for data set construction. Nevertheless, there exist several issues with the use of such data that need to be properly addressed. In this article, an overview of benchmarking data collections built upon experimental PubChem BioAssay input is provided, along with a thorough discussion of noteworthy issues that one must consider during the design of new ligand sets from this database. The points raised in this review are expected to guide future developments in this regard, in hopes of offering better evaluation tools for novel in silico screening procedures.
  • 948
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Entropy-Enthalpy Compensations Fold Proteins
 we reveal a protein-folding mechanism based on the entropy-enthalpy compensations that initially driven by laterally hydrophobic collapse among the side-chains of adjacent residues in the sequences of unfolded protein chains. This hydrophobic collapse promotes the formation of the H-bonds within the polypeptide backbone structures through the entropy-enthalpy compensation mechanism, enabling secondary structures and tertiary structures to fold reproducibly following explicit physical folding codes and forces. The temperature dependence of protein folding is thus attributed to the environment dependence of the conformational Gibbs free energy equation. The folding codes and forces in the amino acid sequence that dictate the formation of β-strands and α-helices can be deciphered with great accuracy through evaluation of the hydrophobic interactions among neighboring side-chains of an unfolded polypeptide from a β-strand-like thermodynamic metastable state. The folding of protein quaternary structures is found to be guided by the entropy-enthalpy compensations in between the docking sites of protein subunits according to the Gibbs free energy equation that is verified by bioinformatics analyses of a dozen structures of dimers. Protein folding is therefore guided by multistage entropy-enthalpy compensations of the system of polypeptide chains and water molecules under the solution conditions. 
  • 948
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Packaging Materials
The entry packaging materials is intended to summarize the recent progress in the work of fractal theory in packaging material to provide important insights into applied research on fractal in packaging materials. The fractal analysis methods employed for inorganic materials such as metal alloys and ceramics, polymers, and their composites are reviewed from the aspects of fractal feature extraction and fractal dimension calculation methods. Through the fractal dimension of packaging materials and the fractal in their preparation process, the relationship between the fractal characteristic parameters and the properties of packaging materials is discussed. The fractal analysis method can qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fractal characteristics, microstructure, and properties of a large number of various types of packaging materials. 
  • 948
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diketopyrrolopyrrole Fluorescent Probes
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) organic dyes show an exceptional photophysical features (high-fluorescence quantum yield (FQY), good photochemical and thermal stability) that are essential properties for biological applications. This organic dye pigment of DPP is highly effective as it have shown promising results in various applications of AIE, solid-state emission, bio-imaging, cancer therapy and biorecognition of other essential biological components (biomolecules, proteins, enzymes, mitochondria stains) etc. All these results from the DPPs' high fluorescence quantum yield along with its imperatively low-energy fluorescent probe derivatives. Owing to its outstanding photophysical features, in the last decade numerous research papers have been reported with essentially positive results especially for supramolecular chemistry applications. Therefore in a nutshell, this exciting and attractive research area is presently at its infancy, so great efforts needs to be given to it in order to uncover other potentials which might be hidden that are yet to be known to the scientific communities, especially chemists in order to significantly advance it research horizon higher. 
  • 948
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Metallic Heritage Coatings
Coatings to be applied on metallic heritage should satisfy complex requirements. This overview presents the main issues to be considered both from a Materials Science view and from a conservation-restoration one. The corrosion mechanism for outdoor bronze monuments is outlined with some of the research project which addressed the need for more affective treatments.
  • 948
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Textile Materials for Skin
Textile materials, as a suitable matrix for different active substances facilitating their gradual release, can have an important role in skin topical or transdermal therapy. Characterized by compositional and structural variety, those materials readily meet the requirements for applications in specific therapies.
  • 947
  • 06 Apr 2021
Biography
Tushar Kanti Das Roy
Tushar K. Das Roy, researcher and technologist, science popularizer, entrepreneur, was born in Bangladesh, India. He graduated from the University of Calcutta, India, where he received his Engineering Degree, later moved to Berlin, Germany and there he obtained his Diplomm-Ingenierung at the University of Berlin, Germany; his title of Dr.-Ing. he got it from TU-Clausthal, Germany. He worked
  • 947
  • 02 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Smart Contrast Agents in MRI
Zinc and copper are essential cations involved in numerous biological processes; and variations in their concentrations can cause diseases; such as neurodegenerative diseases; diabetes and cancers. Hence, the detection and quantification of these cations is of utmost importance for the early diagnosis of disease. MRI responsive contrast agents (mainly Lanthanide 3+ complexes), relying on a change in state of the MRI active part upon interaction with the cation of interest e.g. switch ON/OFF or vice versa, have been successfully utilized to detect zinc and are now being developed to detect Copper(II). These paramagnetic probes mainly exploit the relaxation-based properties (T1-based contrast agents), but also the paramagnetic induced hyperfine shift properties (paraCEST and parashift probes) of the contrast agents. The challenges encountered going from zinc to copper(II) detection are discussed. Depending on the response mechanism, the use of fast-field cycling MRI seems promising to increase the detection field while keeping a good response. In vivo applications of cation responsive MRI probes are only at their infancy and the recent developments are described, along with the associated quantification problems.
  • 946
  • 08 Jan 2021
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