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Topic Review
Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion Model
There are the following main assumptions of the Valence-shell Electron-pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model. - The arrangement of covalent bonds of the atom centre analyzed depends on the number of electron pairs in its valence shell: bonds and nonbonding pairs as lone electron pairs. - The arrangement of valence electron pairs around the centre considered is to maximize their distances apart. - The non-valence electrons - inner electrons with nucleus (i.e. the core) possess the spherical symmetry (or at least it is in force for the main groups elements). It is worth to note that the intra- and intermolecular interactions influence on electronic and molecular structures in accordance with this VSEPR model.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
G-Quadruplexes: Emerging Anticancer Roles
G-quadruplexes, a family of (thermodynamically and kinetically stable) tetraplex helices, are non-canonical secondary structures derived from guanine (G)-rich sequences of nucleic acids. G-quadruplexes were found to occur in functionally-important regions of the human genome, including the telomere tandem sequences, several proto-oncogene promoters and other regulatory regions, ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as mRNA sequences encoding for proteins with roles in tumorigenesis, thus establishing a clear connection between G-quadruplexes and known hallmarks of cancer. Stabilization of G-quadruplexes belonging to the above categories, by means of small-molecule intervention, has been correlated with a range of anticancer effects, which has led to classifying G-quadruplexes as novel potential targets in anticancer research. The most common ways in which G-quadruplexes are now understood to serve in an anticancer capacity are presented herein.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Application of Nanosheets in Nanomedicine
The term “nanosheets” has been coined recently to describe supported and free-standing “ultrathin film” materials, with thicknesses ranging from a single atomic layer to a few tens of nanometers. Owing to their physicochemical properties and their large surface area with abundant accessible active sites, nanosheets (NSHs) of inorganic materials such as Au, amorphous carbon, graphene, and boron nitride (BN) are considered ideal building blocks or scaffolds for a wide range of applications encompassing electronic and optical devices, membranes, drug delivery systems, and multimodal contrast agents, among others. In the specific case of nanomaterials applied to medicine (nanomedicine), this multidisciplinary field has captured the interest of researchers and engineers from different disciplines.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Conductive Heat Transfer in Thermal Bridges
A thermal bridge is a component of a building that is characterized by a higher thermal loss compared with its surroundings. Their accurate modeling is a key step in energy performance analysis due to the increased awareness of the importance of sustainable design. Thermal modeling in architecture and engineering is often not carried out volumetrically, thereby sacrificing accuracy for complex geometries, whereas numerical textbooks often give the finite element method in much higher generality than required, or only treat the case of uniform materials. Despite thermal modeling traditionally belonging exclusively to the engineer’s toolbox, computational and parametric design can often benefit from understanding the key steps of finite element thermal modeling, in order to inform a real-time design feedback loop. In this entry, these gaps are filled and the reader is introduced to all relevant physical and computational notions and methods necessary to understand and compute the stationary energy dissipation and thermal conductance of thermal bridges composed of materials in complex geometries. The overview is a self-contained and coherent expository, and both physically and mathematically as correct as possible, but intuitive and accessible to all audiences. Details for a typical example of an insulated I-beam thermal bridge are provided.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Organic Photodetectors
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have gained increasing interest as they offer cost-effective fabrication methods using solution processes and a tunable spectral response range, making them particularly attractive for large area image sensors on lightweight flexible substrates. Carrier blocking layers engineering is very important to the high performance of OPDs that can select a certain charge carriers (holes or electrons) to be collected and suppress another carrier. Carrier blocking layers of OPDs play a critical role in reducing dark current, boosting their efficiency and long-time stability.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) , or metal-organic frameworks, are a new form of a porous coordination polymer. Novel materials have been developed because of technological advancements combined with material research. MOFs technology has been investigated for biomedical applications in this line. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation
Nanocomposite membranes, obtained by dispersing solid particles within a polymeric matrix, are referred to as mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) and are potentially capable to exceed the trade-off restrictions between membrane permeability and selectivity, that is an intrinsic trait for polymeric membranes applied to gas separation. Making the most appropriate combination of filler and polymer is an exciting challenge for materials scientists.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Based Aerogel Production
A comparative analysis concerning bio-based gels production, to be used for tissue regeneration, has been performed in this review. These gels are generally applied as scaffolds in the biomedical field, thanks to their morphology, low cytotoxicity, and high biocompatibility.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite and Derivatives for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Applications
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an attractive bioceramic from an environmental point of view. It mainly allows ion exchange between Ca2+ and other metal ions, making it an attractive material in the photodegradation of aquatic life effluents. Strategies for the performance of HAp-based functionalized material were reported, for example, doping, immobilization, deposition, incorporation, and support. Due to the production of stoichiometric defects capable of estimating response in the presence of light (UV, visible or solar) through charge carriers' interaction and/or mobility. Its favors photocatalytic performance and positive responses in the physicochemical properties to form an effective and sustainable photocatalyst.  
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Membranes
Extensive research and development in the production of nanocellulose, a green, bio-based, and renewable biomaterial has paved the way for the development of advanced functional materials for a multitude of applications. From a membrane technology perspective, the exceptional mechanical strength, high crystallinity, tunable surface chemistry, and anti-fouling behavior of nanocellulose, manifested from its structural and nanodimensional properties are particularly attractive. Thus, an opportunity has emerged to exploit these features to develop nanocellulose-based membranes for environmental applications including water filtration, environmental remediation, and for the development of pollutant sensors and energy devices.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Mar 2022
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