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Topic Review
Voltammetric Techniques in Assessing the Food Quality
Generally, the detection of analytes or molecules present in food materials interferes with the chromophore moieties in the food. Some of the common problems with the use of conventional methods in determining food quality are low sensitivity to redox changes, turbidity, low spectrum resolution, and scattering issues related to the sample. Moreover, the miniaturization and portability of detectors are the biggest disadvantages of conventional methods. Therefore, there is a huge demand for quick, robust, selective, and easy methods, such as voltammetric methods, for determining the food’s quality. They exhibit a higher level of selectivity for the redox reactions, and a faster response. They are very simple, economical, and their portability with unlimited miniaturization has made them an ideal and popular choice for assessing the food quality compared with other analytical methods.
  • 364
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Voltage Gated Ion Channels
Safety Pharmacology is one of the most dynamically developing disciplines, whose objective is to assess the potential risks of improperly conducted pharmacotherapy. Evaluation of a potential risks in the use of a given substance is vital for placing a new medicine on the market. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has issued a number of guidelines for drug safety testing [1, 2]. However, the continuous development of medicine demands the extension and refinement of the test panel that a new molecule must undergo before it can be released for use by patients. Toxic effects of compounds on the most important organs are among the most frequent reasons of elimination of substances from further tests. Additionally, safety tests are also performed for medicines already approved for use. Such trials are required, e.g., to register new indications for "old" drugs.  The above mentioned activities require a suitable identifications of the antitargets which are commonly defined as undesirable molecular targets that play an essential role in the proper functioning of cells. Down modulation of an antitarget results in clinically unacceptable side effects, initiation of disease, or deleterious alterations in disease progression. This results in shorter onset time of the disease, increased disease burden, poorer patient outcome, or decreased survival time.
  • 670
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Volatilomics in Prostate Cancer
The lack of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) is a major barrier to its management. Volatilomics emerged as a non-invasive, simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-use approach for cancer screening, characterization of disease progression, and follow-up of the treatment’s success.
  • 512
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Volatiles in Food Products
The evaluation of volatiles in food is an important aspect of food production. It gives knowledge about the quality of foods and their relationship to consumers’ choices. Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, terpenes, pyrazines, and furans are the main chemical groups that are involved in aroma formation. They are products of food processing: thermal treatment, fermentation, storage, etc. Food aroma is a mixture of varied molecules. Because of this, the analysis of aroma composition can be challenging. 
  • 5.7K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
VOCs Gas Sensing
Nowadays, the detection of VOCs at trace level (down to ppb) is feasible by exploiting ultra-sensitive and highly selective chemoresistors, especially in the field of medical diagnosis. By coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS e.g. SnO2, ZnO, WO3, CuO, TiO2 and Fe2O3) with innovative carbon-based materials (as graphene oxide) outstanding performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, limits of detection, response and recovery times towards specific gaseous targets (such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde and aromatic compounds) can be easily achieved. Notably, carbonaceous species, highly interconnected to MOS nanoparticles, enhance the sensor responses by i) increasing the surface area and the pores content, ii) favoring the electron migration, the transfer efficiency and gas diffusion rate, iii) promoting the active sites concomitantly limiting the nanopowders agglomeration; and iv) forming nano-heterojunctions. Herein, the aim of the present work is to highlight the nanocomposites features in order to engineer novel flexible, miniaturized and low working temperature sensors, able to detect specific VOC biomarkers of a human’s disease.
  • 643
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
VNPs for Anti-Cancer Therapy
Naturally occurring viral nanomaterials have gained popularity owing to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) can be used as nanocarriers for a number of biomedical applications. Plant VNPs are inexpensive to produce, safe to administer and efficacious as treatments. Features which distinguish plant viruses from synthetic nanocarriers include stability, flexibility, diversity in shape and size for use in drug delivery and the nontoxic nature of plant viruses in humans. Cancer is one of the most common death causing disease worldwide and it is characterized by uncontrolled rapid cell division and differentiation. VNPs are an ideal choice to apply for cancer treatment owing to the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) potential of cancer cells for these nanoparticles, whereas VNPs cannot penetrate through healthy tissues due to tightly packed endothelial cells.
  • 658
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitreous Substitute
The ideal vitreous substitute should mimic the native vitreous in terms of both structure and function such as transparency, biocom-patibility, elasticity, easy injectability, except for its liquefication and biodegradability with age. Current vitreous substitutes are used in order to maintain certain criterias such as optical and biomechanical properties and intraocular pressure. Therefore, extensive research with biomaterials is underway taking into consideration its composition, structure and physiological properties as well to overcome the downside of the currently used tamponades.
  • 734
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a common compound used for tocopherols and tocotrienols (α, β, γ, δ); it is the component of many natural products of both plant and animal origin. 
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin Analysis Using Electroanalytical Techniques
Vitamins comprise a group of organic chemical compounds that contribute significantly to the normal functioning of living organisms. Although they are biosynthesized in living organisms, some are also obtained from the diet to meet the needs of organisms, which is why they are characterized as essential chemical compounds. The lack, or low concentrations, of vitamins in the human body causes the development of metabolic dysfunctions, and for this reason their daily intake with food or as supplements, as well as the control of their levels, are necessary. The determination of vitamins is mainly accomplished by using analytical methods, such as chromatographic, spectroscopic, and spectrometric methods, while studies are carried out to develop new and faster methodologies and techniques for their analysis such as electroanalytical methods, the most common of which are voltammetry methods.
  • 411
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Visual pH Sensors
The pH sensors are gaining widespread attention as non-destructive tools, visible to the human eye, and are capable of real-time and in-situ response.
  • 759
  • 31 May 2021
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