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Topic Review
Nano-Sized Titania Particles as Additives in Automotive Lubricants
This study focuses on the wear effects of nano-sized titania as a potential engine lubricant additive. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have promising wear-reducing properties and significant tribological potential. Titania nanoparticles were homogenized in Group III automotive oil at five different concentrations (0.1; 0.2...0.5 wt%). The nanodoped oil samples were tested on a linear oscillating tribometer with oil circulation. Based on the tribological results, titania nanoparticles increased friction by 20–32% but can reduce the wear area by up to 32%. According to the confocal microscopic examination, wear volume can be reduced by up to 57% with titania nanoparticles. Titania nanoparticles improved the repeatability of tribological measurements. A scanning electron microscopy examination of the wear track revealed that the characteristic wear of the tribological system was abrasive, but a significant amount of adhesive wear was also observed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis found that the nanoparticles fill the deeper trenches of the wear. The worn surface uniformly contains TiO2 particles and the quantified normalized titanium concentration was between 0.56 and 0.62%.
  • 583
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial (2D-NMs)-Based Polymeric Composite for Oil–Water Separation
Oil leakage and organic solvent industrial accidents harm the ecosystem, especially aquatic and marine life. Oil–water separation is required to combat this issue, which substantially enhances the ecosystem and recovery of oils from water bodies. The advent of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) gives newer insight in developing membranes due to their exceptional characteristics like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, selectivity, antifouling ability, flexibility, and stability. Incorporating 2D-NMs within the polymeric membranes makes them exceptional candidates for removing oil from water. Moreover, 2D-NMs offer rapid sorption/desorption rates and boost water transportation. Additionally, 2D-NMs provide roughness that significantly enhances the fouling resistance in the polymeric membrane. 
  • 259
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Structure-Oriented Design of Hyper-Crosslinked Porous Organic Nanomaterials
Hyper-crosslinked porous organic nanomaterials, especially the hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs), are a unique class of materials that combine the benefits of high surface area, porous structure, and good chemical and thermal stability all rolled into one. A wide range of synthetic methods offer an enormous variety of HCPs with different pore structures and morphologies, which has allowed HCPs to be developed for gas adsorption and separations, chemical adsorption and encapsulation, and heterogeneous catalysis. 
  • 268
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phlorotannins
Phlorotannins represent an important group of phenolic compounds, exclusively occurring in brown algae that can form simple structures of 126 Da to very large and complex polymers. Although the biosynthetic pathway of these compounds is still not consensual, it is known that they are formed via C–C and/or C–O–C oxidative coupling of several monomeric units of phloroglucinol, which in turn is known to be biosynthesized through the acetate–malonate pathway. According to the type of linkage formed between these units and the number of hydroxyl groups, phlorotannins can be classified in four sub-classes, namely phlorethols and fuhalols (ether linkages), fucols (aryl-aryl linkages), fucophlorethols (aryl-aryl and ether linkages), and eckols and carmalols (dibenzodoxine linkage).
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Dots in Biotechnology and Food Technology
Materials with a “nano” structure are increasingly used in medicine and biotechnology as drug delivery systems, bioimaging agents or biosensors in the monitoring of toxic substances, heavy metals and environmental variations. Furthermore, in the food industry, they have found applications as detectors of food adulteration, microbial contamination and even in packaging for monitoring product freshness. Carbon dots (CDs) as materials with broad as well as unprecedented possibilities could revolutionize the economy, if only their synthesis was based on low-cost natural sources. 
  • 562
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Chemistry of Essential Oils
The term essential oil was created in the 16th century and refers to the theory of “Quinta essentia” proposed by the famous German-Swiss alchemist and physician Paracelsus (1493–1541), born by Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim.
  • 517
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Copper–Nickel Alloys
Under the combination of certain corrosive ions and stress, Cu-Ni alloys may experience severe stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which causes premature failure and hinders their further applications as crucial construction materials in various engineering fields.
  • 212
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fiber-Optic Nanotip Sensors for Chemical Detection
Recently, rapid progress has been achieved in the field of nanomaterial preparation and investigation. Many nanomaterials have been employed in optical chemical sensors and biosensors. This entry is focused on fiber-optic nanotip sensors for chemical sensing based on silica and plastic optical fibers. The preparation, materials, and sensing characteristics of selected fiber-optic nanotip sensors are employed to show the performance of such nanosensors for chemical sensing. Some examples of fiber-optic nanotip biosensors are included in order to document the broad sensing performance of fiber-optic nanosensors. The employments of fiber nanotips for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and in nanosensors using both electrical and optical principles are also discussed.  
  • 199
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cold Spraying in Burn Resistant Titanium Based Coatings
Titanium alloys are crucial lightweight materials; however, they are susceptible to spontaneous combustion under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, limiting their widespread use in aerospace engines. Improving the burn resistance of Ti alloys is essential for the structural safety and lightweight of aerospace equipment. Burn-resistant Ti alloys, such as Ti-V-Cr and Ti-Cu, however, face limitations such as high cost and low specific strength. Surface coatings provide a cost-effective solution while maintaining the high specific strength and good processability of the base material. Conventional surface treatments, such as laser cladding, result in defects and deformation of thin-walled parts. Cold spray technology offers a promising solution, as it uses kinetic energy to deposit coatings at low temperatures, avoiding defects and deformation. 
  • 179
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Polymer electrolytes, a type of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries, combine polymers and ionic salts. Their integration into lithium-ion batteries has resulted in significant advancements in battery technology, including improved safety, increased capacity, and longer cycle life.
  • 434
  • 12 Oct 2023
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