Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Nucleation in Polymer Crystallization
Nucleation plays a vital role in polymer crystallization, in which chain connectivity and thus the multiple length and time scales make crystal nucleation of polymer chains an interesting but complex subject. Though the topic has been intensively studied in the past decades, there are still many open questions to answer. The final properties of semicrystalline polymer materials are affected by all of the following: the starting melt, paths of nucleation, organization of lamellar crystals and evolution of the final crystalline structures. In this viewpoint, we attempt to discuss some of the remaining open questions and corresponding concepts: non-equilibrated polymers, self-induced nucleation, microscopic kinetics of different processes, metastability of polymer lamellar crystals, hierarchical order and cooperativity involved in nucleation, etc. Addressing these open questions through a combination of novel concepts, new theories and advanced approaches provides a deeper understanding of the multifaceted process of crystal nucleation of polymers.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Alginate-Based Biomaterials
Alginates are naturally occurring polysaccharides extracted from brown marine algae and bacteria. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and easy to gel, alginates can be processed into various forms, such as hydrogels, microspheres, fibers and sponges, and have been widely applied in biomedical field.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC)—widely present in modern and contemporary art collections as objects, clothing and footwear, furniture and upholstery, and housewares and toys—is known to deteriorate very rapidly in museum collections. The tendency of colorless p-PVC-based objects to yellowing-browning in combination with stickiness and cracking are the main issues of this important plastic material, which require the attention of conservation scientists in cooperation with conservators, engineers, curators, and art historians.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology holds great potential to fabricate complex constructs in the field of regenerative medicine. Researchers in the surgical fields have used 3D printing techniques and their associated biomaterials for education, training, consultation, organ transplantation, plastic surgery, surgical planning, dentures, and more. In addition, the universal utilization of 3D printing techniques enables researchers to exploit different types of hardware and software in, for example, the surgical fields. To realize the 3D-printed structures to implant them in the body and tissue regeneration, it is important to understand 3D printing technology and its enabling technologies.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Substrate
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. It can also refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed, or play a supporting role in a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts. When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed. The term substrate is highly context-dependent.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Swabs
Swabs are used to collect body fluid samples for testing in the forensic and clinical settings. However, swabs made of different materials and are differently shaped may impact the DNA that can be recovered from the body fluids absorbed by the swabs. Recovering a higher quantity of DNA can be important for DNA typing and obtaining a full profile, especially in low template samples. In this study, swabs made of cotton, paper and foam materials from various commercial suppliers were evaluated to determine which swab released the highest quantity of DNA from a fifty-microliter sample of blood applied to the swab. DNA extraction was performed using the phenol chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method and human DNA was quantified using a quantitative real-time PCR assay using the Plexor HY human quantification kit. Overall, Puritan cotton-tipped swabs performed best in this study.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a common compound used for tocopherols and tocotrienols (α, β, γ, δ); it is the component of many natural products of both plant and animal origin. 
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Surfactants
Polymeric surfactants are surfactant molecules that have a polymeric backbone, which can be made up of various repeating units. These surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, which allows them to interact with both water and oil. Polymeric surfactants are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of paints, adhesives, and coatings. They can improve the stability and performance of these products by reducing the surface tension and promoting the dispersion of pigments and fillers. In addition, polymeric surfactants are also used in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. They can help to improve the texture and feel of these products, as well as enhance their cleaning and conditioning properties. One of the key advantages of polymeric surfactants is their ability to form stable micelles in solution. These micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form a spherical structure with the hydrophobic segments on the inside and the hydrophilic segments on the outside. This allows for efficient emulsification of oil and water, which is important in a variety of industrial processes. Polymeric surfactants are a versatile class of surfactants that offer several unique properties and advantages in various applications. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickening agents, and have potential applications in areas such as agriculture, oil and gas, and papermaking. Polymeric surfactants are a diverse class of surfactants that can be classified based on their composition, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. They offer a range of unique properties and advantages in various applications, including cosmetics, food and beverage products, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Flexible Strain Sensors
Based on the ingenious design and distinguished performance of the reported flexible strain sensors, there are a great deal of applications that have been demonstrated for various occasions. The in vitro detections for human health and implantable in vivo devices for biomedical engineering, as well as human-machine interface and soft robotics applications are reviewed. 
  • 1.8K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Functional Polymer Materials for Energy Applications
This entry provides insight into the recent energy applications of polymers.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Dec 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 465
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback