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Topic Review
Click Chemistry in Building Hierarchical Structures
Hierarchical structures are an essential part of numerous types of architecture in nature. They are defined as the presence of different structural elements with different length scales in a single body. This different length scale gives each hierarchical structure its “order, n” and characteristic properties. The higher the (n) the more sophisticated hierarchical structures; where n = 0 refers to continuum materials with only a single length scale. Noteworthy, several composites are considered low-ordered hierarchical structures. The idea of building blocks for hierarchical structures intersects perfectly with the modularity concept in click chemistry. Click chemistry is a powerful tool for constructing nano, micro and macro structures through two different approaches: (A) the first approach: through direct crosslinking of (pico-building blocks) monomers give a final micro/macro structure such as hydrogels; (B) the second approach: through nano-building blocks formation using click chemistry (e.g., dendrimers and dendrons) followed by connecting and crosslinking those formed nano-building blocks again using click chemistry to form bigger structures
  • 651
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Geopolymer Nanocomposites
Geopolymers belong to the group of the fastest-growing polymeric materials. The interest in these inorganic ceramic materials is constantly growing. This is a result of their properties, including acid resistance, porosity, low drying shrinkage, as well as high strength, due to which geopolymers are widely investigated for potential application in the construction industry (e.g., repairing roads, bridges, or other infrastructure). The range of potential applications of geopolymers can be increased by improving the properties of the components.
  • 651
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
The Ubiquity of Microplastics in the Environment
Plastic is an indispensable material in modern society; however, high production rates combined with inadequate waste management and disposal have resulted in enormous stress on ecosystems. In addition, plastics can become smaller particles known as microplastics (MPs) due to physical, chemical, and biological drivers. MP pollution has become a significant environmental problem affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide.
  • 651
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chemistry of Essential Oils
The term essential oil was created in the 16th century and refers to the theory of “Quinta essentia” proposed by the famous German-Swiss alchemist and physician Paracelsus (1493–1541), born by Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim.
  • 650
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for mRNA-Based Vaccines
The nanodelivery system plays a dual function in RNA-based vaccination by acting as a carrier system and as an adjuvant. That is due to its similarity to microorganisms structurally and size-wise; the nanodelivery system can augment the response by the immune system via simulating the natural infection process. Nanodelivery systems allow non-invasive mucosal administration, targeted immune cell delivery, and controlled delivery, reducing the need for multiple administrations. They also allow co-encapsulating with immunostimulators to improve the overall adjuvant capacity. 
  • 650
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Graphene Synthesis and Its Recent Advances in Applications
Remarkable chemical and physical properties, graphene has been widely investigated by researchers over the last 15 years. This review summarizes major synthetic methods such as mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, unzipping of carbon nanotube, oxidation-reduction, arc discharge, chemical vapor deposition, and epitaxial growth of graphene in silicon carbide. Recent advances in the application of graphene in graphene-based lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, electrochemical sensors, transparent electrodes, and environmental-based remedies are discussed.
  • 650
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers
Hand hygiene can be considered a strategic key useful in the containment of infections such as COVID-19 both at home and in communities because it can dramatically reduce the widespread outbreak of infections. 
  • 649
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Photosensitized Silica Nanoparticles
BODIPY dyes have recently attracted attention as potential photosensitizers. Commercial and novel photosensitizers (PSs) based on BODIPY chromophores (haloBODIPYs and orthogonal dimers strategically designed with intense bands in the blue, green or red region of the visible spectra and high singlet oxygen production) were covalently linked to mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) further functionalized with PEG and folic acid (FA).
  • 649
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Self-Healing Mechanism of Hydrogel
The route to achieve self-healing of hydrogels is by noncovalent or reversible dynamic covalent bonding in polymeric materials, and enhancing the conductivity of hydrogels by the addition of conductive fillers, conductive polymers or conductive ions.
  • 649
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Nanomaterials
Biomimetic nanomaterials (BNMs) are functional materials containing nanoscale components and having structural and technological similarities to natural (biogenic) prototypes. Despite the fact that biomimetic approaches in materials technology have been used since the second half of the 20th century, BNMs are still at the forefront of materials science. “Biomimetics” is a concept introduced in 1957 by Otto Schmitt that, generally, means the imitation of structures, characteristics, models, and compositions of natural objects to solve various problems. The word “biomimetic” comes from the Greek word “bios” (life) and the suffix “mimetic” (mimicry). This concept also includes approaches and processes mimicking biological or natural ones such as, for example, the synthesis of nanomaterials or nanostructures that reproduce the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of natural (biogenic) materials at the nano- or macroscale. Similar to the formation of biogenic materials, the technology of biomimetic materials includes the processes of self-assembly and interfacial molecular recognition. Other important directions of development for such materials are biopolymers and biocomposites, which are receiving immense consideration in biomedical and other fields.
  • 649
  • 13 Oct 2022
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