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Topic Review
Synthesis of Metabolite of Resveratrol by Beauveria bassiana
Resveratrol is a well-known dietary polyphenol because it has a variety of beneficial biological activities. The fungus Beauveria bassiana is one of the most frequently used microorganisms for the biotransformation of polyphenols. Recently, resvebassianol A (2), a glycosylated metabolite of resveratrol by B. bassiana, was isolated and structurally elucidated. It was demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory activities with no cytotoxicity. Here, we report the first total synthesis of resvebassianol A, 4'-O-β-(4'"-O-methylglucopyranosyl)resveratrol (2), and its regiomer, 3-O-β-(4 -O-methylglucopyranosyl)resveratrol (3). Key reactions include (i) the construction of a stilbene core via a novel Heck reaction of aryl halides and styrenes, and (ii) glycosylation with unnatural methylglucopyranosyl bromide. The glycosylation step was carefully optimized by varying the bases and solvents. Resveratrol metabolites 2 and 3 were obtained at 7.5% and 6.3% of the overall yield, respectively.
  • 677
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Harmful Microalgae Detection
There has been a steady stream of information on the methods and techniques available for detecting harmful algae species. The conventional approaches to identify harmful algal bloom (HAB), such as microscopy and molecular biological methods are mainly laboratory-based and require long assay times, skilled manpower, and pre-enrichment of samples involving various pre-experimental preparations. As an alternative, biosensors with a simple and rapid detection strategy could be an improvement over conventional methods for the detection of toxic algae species. Moreover, recent biosensors that involve the use of nanomaterials to detect HAB are showing further enhanced detection limits with a broader linear range. The improvement is attributed to nanomaterials’ high surface area to volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility with biomolecules, and being capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal. 
  • 677
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications in Endodontics
Bioceramics, with excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility, have been widely used in dentistry, particularly in endodontics. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is the most widely used bioceramic in endodontics. Many new bioceramics have been developed, showing good potential for the treatment of endodontic diseases. 
  • 677
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication-4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process through which components/structures are produced layer-by-layer. In this context, 4D printing combines 3D printing with time so that this combination results in additively manufactured components that respond to external stimuli and, consequently, change their shape/volume or modify their mechanical properties. Therefore, 4D printing uses shape-memory materials that react to external stimuli such as pH, humidity, and temperature. Among the possible materials with shape memory effect (SME), the most suitable for additive manufacturing are shape memory polymers (SMPs).
  • 676
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
M13 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors
New virus-based sensor systems that operate on M13 bacteriophage infrastructure have attracted considerable attention. These systems can detect a range of chemicals with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Filaments consistent with M13 bacteriophages can be ordered by highly established forms of self-assembly. This allows M13 bacteriophages to build a homogeneous distribution and infiltrate the network structure of nanostructures under mild conditions.
  • 676
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Azeotropes for Waste Recovery
Aiming for more sustainable chemical production requires an urgent shift towards synthetic approaches designed for waste minimization. In this context the use of azeotropes can be an effective tool for “recycling” and minimizing the large volumes of solvents, especially in aqueous mixtures, used. This review discusses the implementation of different kinds of azeotropic mixtures in relation to the environmental and economic benefits linked to their recovery and re-use. Examples of the use of azeotropes playing a role in the process performance and in the purification steps maximizing yields while minimizing waste. 
  • 676
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Doped/Hybrid Carbon Dots
Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel type of carbon-based nanomaterial that has gained considerable attention for their unique optical properties, including tunable fluorescence, stability against photobleaching and photoblinking, and strong fluorescence, which is attributed to a large number of organic functional groups (amino groups, hydroxyl, ketonic, ester, and carboxyl groups, etc.). In addition, they also demonstrate high stability and electron mobility. The doping of CDs with organic and inorganic atoms and molecules leads to their functionalization to obtain desired physical and chemical properties for biomedical applications. 
  • 676
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral Fullerene
Fullerenes were discovered in 1985. They are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, with hollow cage structures. Fullerene C60, the representative fullerene, is ~0.7 nm in diameter. Three discoverers of fullerene C60 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996. With the continuous development of fullerene preparation technology, fullerenes have presented unprecedented opportunities in the field of biomedicine. For some common virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, Ebola and so on, fullerene and their derivatives exhibit high levels of antiviral activity, inhibiting virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Unlike traditional small molecules, fullerene is a type of promising antiviral nanodrug. 
  • 676
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
General Aspects of Carbon Dot and Polymer Composites
Carbon dot-based composite materials have been extensively developed for versatile biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, biosensors, and photothermal cancer therapy, owing to their excellent mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity, large surface-to-volume ratio, and biocompatibility. For instance, the hydrophobicity and delocalized π-electrons of carbon dots enable insoluble drug loading in carbon composite-based drug delivery carriers. In addition, carbon dot-based materials are suitable for optical and electrochemical biosensor applications owing to their intrinsic properties.
  • 676
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Noble Metal-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Hydrogen energy, a green renewable energy, has shown great potential in developing new energy and alleviating environmental problems. Water electrolysis is an effective method to achieve large-scale clean hydrogen production, but this process needs to consume a huge amount of electric energy. It is urgent to develop high-activity, high-stability and low-cost catalysts to reduce the consumption of electric energy. The noble metal catalyst is the star material in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its stability and high cost restrict its large-scale application.
  • 676
  • 13 Mar 2023
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