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Topic Review
Photocatalytic Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes
Photocatalytic nanofiber membranes are nanofiber membranes infused with photocatalytic nanoparticles. The performance of photocatalytic membranes is attributed to the photogenerated reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and superoxide anion radicals produced from reactions with photogenerated electrons and holes introduced by catalytic nanoparticles such as TiO2 and ZnO upon light irradiation. Hydroxyl radicals are the most reactive species responsible for most of the unselective photodegradation of unwanted pollutants. 
  • 911
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Direct-Hydrocarbon Proton-Conducting SOFCs
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising and rugged solid-state power sources that can directly and electrochemically convert the chemical energy into electric power. Direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs eliminate the external reformers; thus, the system is significantly simplified and the capital cost is reduced. To reduce operating temperatures of SOFCs, intermediate-temperature proton-conducting SOFCs (P-SOFCs) are being developed as alternatives, which give rise to superior power densities, coking and sulfur tolerance, and durability. Due to these advances, there are growing efforts to implement proton-conducting oxides to improve durability of direct-hydrocarbon SOFCs.
  • 910
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new chemical medium and soft functional material developed under the framework of green chemistry and possess many unique properties, such as low melting points, low-to-negligible vapor pressures, excellent solubility, structural designability and high thermal stability. 
  • 910
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Single-Chain Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles
Here, we report the creation of amphiphilic polymers based on the presence of a high-molecular weight hydrophobic poly(epichlorohydrin) backbone and hydrophobic pendant oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) chains, whereby a combination of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity induce folding of an individual polymer chain into a single-chain polymeric nanoparticle (SCPN) (1) at high solution concentrations, (2) without requiring addition of catalysts and additives, (3) in the absence of external stimuli, and (4) under ambient aqueous conditions. Thus, this approach can be an effective way to generate water-soluble SCPNs; this breakthrough in the development of SCPNs may enable a significant advance in enabling the broad application of biomedical fields.
  • 910
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
CNSL as a Source of Alzheimer's Drug Leads
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural oil and a byproduct of cashew nut food processing, with a high content of phenolic lipids. The rational modification of their structures has emerged as a successful medicinal chemistry approach to the development of novel anti-AD lead candidates. The biological profile of the newly developed CNSL derivatives towards validated AD targets will be discussed together with the role of these molecular targets in the context of AD pathogenesis.
  • 910
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in DSSCs
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which are considered as the third-generation solar cells have a huge potential to be commercialized due to their low cost, simplicity in fabrication, and promising photon-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, a high cell efficiency can only be achieved when an organic solvent is incorporated into the formulation of the electrolyte, which is prone to evaporation and leakage. As a result, DSSCs become unsuitable for long-run usage due to thermal instability in the electrolyte. The early intention of incorporating ionic liquids (ILs) into the electrolyte was to curb the abovementioned problem and to enable the DSSCs to function as a sustainable energy device. ILs have been incorporated into the electrolyte formulation and the extent of how the ILs can affect the cell efficiency in various electrolyte states is highlighted. This sheds light on the true purpose of introducing ILs into DSSC electrolyte, which is to enhance the ionicity of the electrolyte.
  • 909
  • 26 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Decellularized Colorectal Cancer Matrices as Bioactive Scaffolds
More than a physical structure providing support to tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of macromolecules that modulates the behavior of both cancer cells and associated stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop new models that accurately mimic the interconnections within the TME and specifically the biomechanical and biomolecular complexity of the tumor ECM. Particularly in colorectal cancer, the ECM is highly remodeled and disorganized and constitutes a key component that affects cancer hallmarks, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, several scaffolds produced from natural and/or synthetic polymers and ceramics have been used in 3D biomimetic strategies for colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, decellularized ECM from colorectal tumors is a unique model that offers the maintenance of native ECM architecture and molecular composition.
  • 909
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Silica Nanoparticles
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are available in many forms, including core-shell silica nanoparticles, nonporous SNPs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN), and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).  The advancements in nanotechnology have quickly developed a new subject with vast applications of nanostructured materials in medicine and pharmaceuticals. The enormous surface-to-volume ratio, ease of surface modification, outstanding biocompatibility, and, in the case of mesoporous nanoparticles, the tunable pore size make the SNPs a promising candidate for nano-based medical applications. 
  • 908
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dendrimer Nanodevices and Gallic Acid
Human neuroblastoma (NB), a pediatric tumor inclined to relapse, after an initial response to therapy, usually develops resistance. Since several chemotherapeutics, including the weel known etoposide (ETO), exert anticancer effect by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), NB cells overproduce antioxidant compounds becoming drugs-resistant. Moreover, ETO, although widely used, suffers from fast metabolism, poor solubility and systemic toxicity, that limit its administration dosage and its therapeutic efficiency. An appealing strategy to sensitize NB cells to chemotherapy involves the use of less toxic natural compounds able to reduce antioxidant defenses of NB cells and to induce ROS overproduction. In this contest, although affected by several issues as instability and poor absorbability, antioxidant/pro-oxidant polyphenols, such as gallic acid (GA), showed pro-oxidant anti-cancer effects and low toxicity for healthy cells, in several kind of tumors, not including NB. Herein, for the first time, free GA, two GA-dendrimers, and the dendrimer adopted as GA reservoir were tested on both sensitive and chemoresistant NB cells. Furthermore, the dendrimer adopted as carrier for GA was exploited also for entrapping and protecting ETO and for enhancing its solubility and effectiveness.The dendrimer device induced ROS-mediated death both in sensitive NB cells and also in chemoresistant ones. Free GA proved a dose-dependent ROS-mediated cytotoxicity on both cell populations. Intriguingly, when administered in dendrimer formulations at a dose not cytotoxic for NB cells, GA nullified any pro-oxidant activity of dendrimer. Unfortunately, due to GA, nanoformulations were inactive on NB cells, but GA resized in nanoparticles showed considerable ability in counteracting, at low dose, ROS production and oxidative stress, herein induced by the dendrimer. Interestingly, the ETO-dendrimer showed a synergistic action, controlled released over time with a significantly improved drug bioactivity, representing a novel biodegradable and promising device for the delivery of ETO into NB cells.
  • 908
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CPNHs for Fuel Cell Application
Carbon materials such as carbon graphitic structures, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanosheets are extensively used as supports for electrocatalysts in fuel cells. Alternatively, conducting polymers displayed ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high chemical stability havegenerated an intense research interest as catalysts support for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as well as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Moreover, metal or metal oxides catalysts can be immobilized on the pure polymer or the functionalized polymer surface to generate conducting polymer-based nanohybrids (CPNHs) with improved catalytic performance and stability. Metal oxides generally have large surface area and/or porous structures and showed unique synergistic effects with CPs. Therefore, a stable, environmentally friendly bio/electro-catalyst can be obtained with CPNHs along with better catalytic activity and enhanced electron-transfer rate.
  • 908
  • 17 Feb 2021
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