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Topic Review
Metallophthalocyanines
Since the serendipitous discovery of phthalocyanines (Pcs), at the beginning of the 20th century, growing attention has been devoted to the ubiquitous catalytic properties and applications of Pcs and Pcs coordinated with metal ions, Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs). In fact, these old synthetic dyes have been very attractive in the view of academic research, but mainly for catalytic industrial purposes as these dyes are easily accessible on a large scale, are robust under harsh reaction conditions, show high activity, and can be recovered and recycled. The success and diversity of MPcs as catalysts over different substrates are mostly attributed to their high structural flexibility in terms of metals and electronic properties of the phthalocyanine ligands.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran
Many researchers have extensively explored selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), and some of them were able to achieve high conversion and a high yield of DMF under certain reaction conditions. However, the main challenge is to reduce the operational cost using cost-effective catalysts as an alternative to the expensive noble metals. Overall, the approach of using bifunctional catalysts is an important direction for catalysis in general and particularly for reactions that require significantly different types of elementary steps as part of an overall reaction. For this reason, efforts to use the rational design of interfaces will become important for supplementing the promising initial work in demonstrating bifunctional catalysis for catalytic transformations of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to a potential liquid fuel, 2,5-dimethylfuran. Apart from the different types of metal and support, it was also observed that reaction conditions, namely the type of solvent, H2 donor, reaction temperature, reaction time, and H2. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Main Raw Materials from Pineapple Biomass
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets due to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes pineapple production and processing a significant source of income for producing countries. The lignocellulosic biomass obtained from pineapple agro-industrial residues is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; a compilation of information for these three compounds is presented below, with a specific focus on treatments and pretreatments that can be employed to obtain and purify them, as well as the most common applications of each.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Focused-Ion-Beam for chiral photonics
Focused ion beam (FIB) processing which enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this entry, we give an overview of the recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Oral Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
The reconstruction or repair of oral and maxillofacial functionalities and aesthetics is a priority for patients affected by tooth loss, congenital defects, trauma deformities, or various dental diseases. Therefore, in dental medicine, tissue reconstruction represents a major interest in oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and even daily clinical practice. The current clinical approaches involve a vast array of techniques ranging from the traditional use of tissue grafts to the most innovative regenerative procedures, such as tissue engineering. In recent decades, a wide range of both artificial and natural biomaterials and scaffolds, genes, stem cells isolated from the mouth area (dental follicle, deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament, dental pulp, salivary glands, and adipose tissue), and various growth factors have been tested in tissue engineering approaches in dentistry, with many being proven successful. However, to fully eliminate the problems of traditional bone and tissue reconstruction in dentistry, continuous research is needed.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Polylactic Acid Composites
Sustainability is the prime focus nowadays; hence researchers are keen on developing sustainable materials. Green composites are the type of the materials that are derived from natural sources that do not have any impact on the environment since its inception to the end of its life. The main objective of this paper is to given a comprehensive review of polylactic acid compoistes reinforced with natural fibers focusing on jute and flax. This article has reported the recent progress that has happend in the area of polylactic acid focuing on the improvement of interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix which leads to the improvement of mechanical properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Supramolecular Aggregates
Supramolecular Aggregates cross several disciplines, embracing the sciences of nature and joining theory, experiment, and application, from molecular to macroscopic levels. The problems of interdisciplinarity are overcome initially with scientific divulgation, bringing concepts from their origin, to facilitate the access of young scientists to the scientific content. Next, focus on some basic principles can help to understand the non trivial connections between Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
AB5 Derivatives of Cyclotriphosphazene
AB5 compounds issued from the reactivity of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene are relatively easy to obtain using two ways: either first the reaction of one chloride with one reagent, followed by the reaction of the five remaining Cl with another reagent, or first the reaction of five chlorides with one reagent, followed by the reaction of the single remaining Cl with another reagent. This particular property led to the use of such compounds as core for the synthesis of dendrons (dendritic wedges), using the five functions for growing the dendritic branches. The single function can be used for the synthesis of diverse types of dendrimers (onion peel, dumbbell-shape, Janus), for covalent or non-covalent grafting to solid surfaces, providing nanomaterials, for grafting a fluorophore, especially for studying biological mechanisms, or for self-associations to get micelles.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
DMF as CO Surrogate in Carbonylation Reactions
Transition metal-catalyzed carbonylation reactions have emerged as one of the most relevant synthetic approaches for the preparation of carbonyl-containing molecules. The most commonly used protocol for the insertion of a carbonyl moiety is the use of carbon monoxide (CO) but, due to its toxic and explosive nature, this process is not suitable at an industrial scale. The chemistry of CO surrogates has received large attention as a way to use less expensive and more environmentally friendly methods. Among the various CO surrogates, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been paid greater attention due to its low cost and easy availability.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Magnetic Hydrogels
Magnetic hydrogels (MHGs) are a special class of hydrogel that contain at least one magnetic component in their composition. Generally, MNPs are dispersed in a polymer gel matrix to form MHGs. These hydrogels are special because they are prone to show fluctuations in their physical properties in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
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