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Topic Review
Visible-Light-Promoted Carbonylation Reactions
The abundant and inexpensive carbon monoxide (CO) is widely exploited as a C1 source for the synthesis of both fine and bulk chemicals. In this context, photochemical carbonylation reactions have emerged as a powerful tool for the sustainable synthesis of carbonyl-containing compounds (esters, amides, ketones, etc.).
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis for the Thiol-Ene/Yne Reactions
Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been established as a popular and powerful tool for organic transformations owing to its inherent characterization of environmental friendliness and sustainability in the past decades. The thiol-ene/yne reactions, the direct hydrothiolation of alkenes/alkynes with thiols, represents one of the most efficient and atom-economic approaches for the carbon-sulfur bonds construction. In traditional methodologies, harsh conditions such as stoichiometric reagents or a specialized UV photo-apparatus were necessary suffering from various disadvantages. In particular, visible-light photoredox catalysis has also been demonstrated to be a greener and milder protocol for the thiol-ene/yne reactions in recent years. Additionally, unprecedented advancements have been achieved in this area during the past decade.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. 
  • 583
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vinyl Ether
Vinyl ether is the organic compound with the formula O(CH=CH2)2. Other names include divinyl ether, divinyl oxide, ethenoxyethene. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. Under the tradename vinethene, vinyl ether was once used as an inhalation anesthetic. The analytical techniques used to study its pharmacology laid the groundwork for the testing of new anesthetic agents. Many divinyl ether derivatives of fatty acids exist in nature.
  • 707
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vienna Philharmonic (Coin)
The Vienna Philharmonic (German: Wiener Philharmoniker), often shortened to Philharmonic, is a bullion coin of gold, silver, or platinum produced by the Austrian Mint (Münze Österreich). The coin is named for the Vienna Philharmonic orchestra, which inspired the design of both sides. It was introduced in 1989 as a one-troy ounce (ozt), gold coin with a face value of 2,000 Austrian schillings. It is generally one of the world's best selling bullion coins. In 2002, with the adoption of the euro currency, the nominal value of the one-ounce coin was changed to 100 euros. In 2008, the Mint introduced a one-ounce silver version of the coin with a nominal value of 1.50 euros. The silver coin is also one of the top selling bullion coins, ranked third in 2013. In 2016, the mint introduced a one ounce platinum coin with a face value of 100 euros. Like any bullion coin, the value is based primarily on the metal content and the spot price of that metal on the commodities markets. The gold Philharmonic has a fineness of 999.9 (often written 0.9999, also known as 24 carat or 99.99% pure). In most countries in Europe, the gold Philharmonic is traded VAT-free while the Silver Philharmonic is partly subject to a reduced VAT rate. The coins are minted according to demand and production varies from year to year accordingly. The design on the coin remains the same each year; only the year of issue changes. From the outset, the obverse of the coin depicts the pipe organ in the Vienna Musikverein's Golden Hall. The reverse of the coin shows instruments of the Vienna Philharmonic, including Vienna horn, bassoon, harp, and four violins centered on a cello. Both designs were produced by the chief engraver of the Austrian Mint, Thomas Pesendorfer.
  • 549
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches in Phytochrome Research
Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that translate light into physiological functions. Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for molecular research into these photoreceptors.
  • 231
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vibrational Coherence in MMLCT and MC Excited State
There have been significant advancements in the investigation of coherence-related phenomena in organic systems such as biological photosynthetic reaction centers. The d8 Pt(II) dinuclear complex or molecular aggregate with a metal–metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) or metal-centered (MC) excited state was reported to show the vibrational coherence phenomenon in the intersystem crossing (ISC) process, due to the Metal–metal (M-M) interaction at excited state.
  • 252
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Vibrational Biospectroscopy for Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis and Screening
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of death among women worldwide. Early detection and treatment are associated with a favourable prognosis and reduction in mortality. Unlike other common cancers, however, screening strategies lack the required sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to be successfully implemented in clinical practice and current diagnostic approaches are invasive, costly and time consuming. Such limitations highlight the unmet need to develop diagnostic and screening alternatives for EC, which should be accurate, rapid, minimally invasive and cost-effective. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Raman, exploit the atomic vibrational absorption induced by interaction of light and a biological sample, to generate a unique spectral response: a “biochemical fingerprint”. These are non-destructive techniques and, combined with multivariate statistical analysis, have been shown over the last decade to provide discrimination between cancerous and healthy samples, demonstrating a promising role in both cancer screening and diagnosis. 
  • 435
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Vesicular Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery
Erythromycin (ERY) is a macrolide compound with a broad antimicrobial spectrum which is currently being used to treat a large number of bacterial infections affecting the skin, respiratory tract, intestines, bones and other systems, proving great value from a clinical point of view. Despite this major advantage, ERY has low water solubility and is not stable under acidic conditions which leads to a limited efficacy and bioavailability. Apart from this, higher doses promote drug resistance and undesirable effects. In order to overcome these disadvantages, during the past decades, a large variety of ERY formulations, including nanoparticles, have emerged. This work presents the preparation and performances reported for ERY vesicles, such as liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, micelles, cubosomes and solid lipid nano(micro) particles. 
  • 646
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vertical Graphene Growth by PECVD
Vertical graphene, which belongs to nanomaterials, is a very promising tool for improving the useful properties of long-used and proven materials. Since the growth of vertical graphene is different on each base material and has specific deposition setting parameters, it is necessary to examine each base material separately.
  • 510
  • 26 Oct 2021
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