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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Transition Care in Rheumatology
The transition from pediatric to adult health care is a challenging yet important process in rheumatology as most childhood-onset rheumatic diseases persist into adulthood. Numerous reports on unmet needs as well as evidence of negative impact from poor transition have led to increased efforts to improve transition care, including international guidelines and recommendations. In line with these recommendations, transition programs along with transition readiness assessment tools have been established. This entry focuses on how transition care in rheumatology has developed in recent years and highlights the gaps in current practices.
  • 545
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Livestock-Associated Zoonoses
Human and animal health are intimately connected. This idea has been known for more than a century but now it has gained special importance because of the increasing threat from zoonoses. Zoonosis is defined as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, they become a real threat to public health. In addition, many of the newly discovered diseases have a zoonotic origin. Due to globalization and urbanization, some of these diseases have already spread all over the world, caused by the international flow of goods, people, and animals. However, special attention should be paid to farm animals since, apart from the direct contact, humans consume their products, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Therefore, zoonoses such as salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, swine and avian influenza, Q fever, brucellosis, Shiga-toxic Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, and listeriosis are crucial for both veterinary and human medicine. Consequently, in the suspicion of any zoonoses outbreak, the medical and veterinary services should closely cooperate to protect the public health. 
  • 545
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Marketing Unhealthy Foods to Children
HFSS food marketing featuring celebrities or influencers increases children’s food consumption, although this was from a limited number of studies. These findings suggest that limiting exposure of children to HFSS marketing including all celebrity types may have beneficial impacts upon dietary consumption. Further research on the impact of child characteristics such as SES, long-term impacts, and real-world studies would be beneficial to further inform the thinking of policy makers.
  • 545
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial and Sperm Physiology
Besides ATP production, mitochondria are key organelles in several cellular functions, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, calcium homoeostasis, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the loss of the majority of the cytoplasm occurring during spermiogenesis, mammalian sperm preserves a number of mitochondria that rearrange in a tubular structure at the level of the sperm flagellum midpiece. Although sperm mitochondria are destroyed inside the zygote, the integrity and the functionality of these organelles seem to be critical for fertilization and embryo development. 
  • 545
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sedentary Behavior in Aging Populations
Sedentary behavior poses a significant health risk to older adults. Sedentary behavior (SB) is known to be an essential part of the daily routine of older adults, exceeding eight hours per day. The concept is defined as any waking behavior that involves minimal energy expenditure (less than 1.5 metabolic equivalents) while sitting, leaning, or lying down. Higher levels of daily SB have been associated with significant health outcomes for adults, particularly older adults.
  • 545
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Genus Scutellaria
Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) comprises over 360 species. Based on its morphological structure of calyx, also known as Skullcap, it is herbaceous by habit and cosmopolitan by habitat. The species of Scutellaria are widely used in local communities as a natural remedy. The genus contributed over three hundred bioactive compounds mainly represented by flavonoids and phenols, chemical ingredients which serve as potential candidates for the therapy of various biological activities.
  • 545
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Facebook and Suicidal Behaviour
Facebook represents a new dimension for global information sharing. Suicidal behaviours and attempts are increasingly reported on Facebook. Facebook impacts on suicidal behaviours in different aspects. Announcing suicides through sharing notes or personal information may lead to the prediction of suicide but be harmful to the online audience. Live-streaming videos of suicide is another aspect that questions Facebook’s ability to monitor shared contents that can negatively affect the audience. A positive impact is helping bereaved families to share feelings and seek support online, commemorating the lost person by sharing their photos. Moreover, it can provide real-world details of everyday user behaviours, which help predict suicide risk, primarily through novel machine-learning techniques, and provide early warning and valuable help to prevent it. It can also provide a timeline of the user’s activities and state of mind before suicide. Social media can detect suicidal tendencies, support those seeking help, comfort family and friends with their grief, and provide insights via timelining the users’ activities leading to their suicide. One of the limitations was the lack of quantitative studies evaluating preventative efforts on Facebook. The creators’ commitment and the users’ social responsibility will be required to create a mentally healthy Facebook environment.
  • 544
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
New technologies such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), capable of analyzing cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream, have become increasingly widespread and available, which has in turn led to ethical and policy challenges that need addressing. NIPT is not yet a diagnostic tool, but can still provide information about fetal genetic characteristics (including sex) very early in pregnancy, and there is no denying that it offers valuable opportunities for pregnant women, particularly those at high risk of having a child with severe genetic disorders or seeking an alternative to invasive prenatal testing. Nonetheless, the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) include multiple aspects of informed decision-making, which can entail risks for the individual right to procreative autonomy, in addition to the potential threats posed by sex-selective termination of pregnancy (in light of the information about fetal sex within the first trimester), and the stigmatization and discrimination of disabled individuals. 
  • 544
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Walking Needs and COVID-19
More than 150 cities around the world have expanded emergency cycling and walking infrastructure to increase their resilience in the face of the COVID 19 pandemic. This tendency toward walking has led it to becoming the predominant daily mode of transport that also contributes to significant changes in the relationships between the hierarchy of walking needs and walking behaviour. These changes need to be addressed in order to increase the resilience of walking environments in the face of such a pandemic.
  • 543
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
PENG-Based Non-Invasive Medical Sensors
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) not only are able to harvest mechanical energy from the ambient environment or body and convert mechanical signals into electricity but can also inform people about pathophysiological changes and communicate this information using electrical signals, thus acting as medical sensors to provide personalized medical solutions to patients.
  • 544
  • 19 Jan 2023
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