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Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nanoparticles in Food-Producing Animals
Antibiotics are regularly used in animal husbandry to treat diseases. This practice is beneficial to animals’ health and helps ensure food security. However, the misuse of antibiotics, especially in food-producing animals, has resulted in the advent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its dissemination among foodborne pathogens. The occurrence of AMR in bacteria pathogens that cause infections in animals and those associated with food spoilage is now considered a global health concern affecting humans, animals and the environment. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has kindled the interest of many researchers. Among the alternatives, using plant-derived nanoparticles (PDNPs) for treating microbial dysfunctions in food-producing animals has gained significant attention. In traditional medicine, plant extracts are considered as safe, efficient and natural antibacterial agents for various animal diseases. Given the complexity of the AMR and concerns about issues at the interface of human health, animal health and the environment, it is important to emphasize the role of a One Health approach in addressing this problem.
  • 373
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lower Strength Alcohol Products
European consumers are increasingly buying and drinking lower strength alcohol products over time, with some two fifths doing so to drink less alcohol. It tends to be younger more socially advantaged men, and existing heavier buyers and drinkers of alcohol, who take up lower strength alcohol products. Substitution leads to a lower number of grams of alcohol bought and drunk.  Buying and drinking lower strength products do not appear to act as gateways to buying and drinking higher strength products. Producer companies are increasing the availability of lower strength alcohol products, particularly for beer, with extra costs of production offset by income from sales. Lower strength alcohol products tend to be marketed as compliments to, rather than substitutes of, existing alcohol consumption. Production of lower strength alcohol products could impair the impact of existing alcohol policy through alibi marketing (using the brand of lower strength products to promote higher strength products), broadened normalization of drinking cultures, and pressure to weaken policies. In addition to increasing the availability of lower strength products and improved labelling, the key policy that favours substitution of higher strength alcohol products with lower strength products is an alcohol tax based on the dose of alcohol across all products. 
  • 424
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dissecting Polygenic Etiology of Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This complex disease is also known for its multiple etiologies with moderate heritability. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which have been used to establish a common genetic basis for IS, may contribute to IS risk stratification for disease/outcome prediction and personalized management. Statistical modeling and machine learning algorithms have contributed significantly to this field. For instance, multiple algorithms have been successfully applied to PRS construction and integration of genetic and non-genetic features for outcome prediction to aid in risk stratification for personalized management and prevention measures. PRS derived from variants with effect size estimated based on the summary statistics of a specific subtype shows a stronger association with the matched subtype. The disruption of the extracellular matrix and amyloidosis account for the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Pathway-specific PRS analyses confirm known and identify novel etiologies related to IS.
  • 487
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vaccine Hesitancy
Vaccination, despite being recognized as one of the most effective primary public health measures, is viewed as unsafe and unnecessary by an increasing number of individuals. Vaccination is one of the most significant public health achievements, having contributed to the eradication of smallpox and the control of many infectious diseases such as rubella, diphtheria, and polio globally.
  • 620
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Program ROSE (Removing Obstacles to Cervical Screening)
Program ROSE (removing obstacles to cervical screening) is a primary HPV-based cervical screening program that incorporates self-sampling and digital technology, ensuring that women are linked to care. It was developed based on the principles of design thinking in the context of Malaysia. The program illustrates the importance of collaborative partnerships and addressing the multi-faceted barriers from policy changes, and infrastructure readiness to the implementation of a radically new cervical screening program in communities. The paradigm shift in cervical cancer requires a monumental and concerted effort in educating both the healthcare providers and the general public. 
  • 390
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria
The outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. Nigeria’s interest in animal influenza research was triggered by its negative economic consequence on poultry. This is because the poultry industry is a fast-growing sector and an effective tool for poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
  • 294
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders
The microbiota is a group of microorganisms that colonize the human body, and the composition of this group is not accidental; in turn, the term microbiome covers the genomes of all microorganisms in a particular environment. This complex ecosystem is characterized by a complicated network of positive and negative interrelationships that significantly impact the host’s health. Notably, the microbiota currently depends not only on the interdependencies occurring in this specific ecosystem but also on the cells of the macroorganism. Microorganisms inhabit various areas of the human body, ranging from the skin, through the mouth, the upper respiratory tract, the ear canal, and the vagina. However, 90% of all microorganisms colonize the initial sections of the small and large intestines. Many data indicate that the number of microorganisms that inhabit a macroorganism exceeds ten times the number of its cells.
  • 886
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drama Therapy for Children Adolescents with Psychosocial Problems
Drama therapy is applied to children and adolescents with psychosocial problems. Drama therapy is an experiential form of treatment which methodologically uses drama and theatre processes to achieve psychological growth. Positive effects were found on overall psychosocial problems, internalizing and externalizing problems, social functioning, coping and regulation processes, social identity, and cognitive development. An adaptive approach was mentioned as the therapeutic attitude. The means established contribute to a dramatic reality, which triggers the mechanisms of change. These are processes that arise during treatment and which facilitate therapeutic change. 
  • 681
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Genesis of Endotheliopathy
Endotheliopathy, according to the “two-activation theory of the endothelium”, is triggered by the activated complement system in critical illnesses, such as sepsis, diabetes and polytrauma, leading to two distinctly different molecular dysfunctions: (1) the activation of the inflammatory pathway due to the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factors, and (2) the activation of the microthrombotic pathway due to the exocytosis of hemostatic factors, including ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers and FVIII. These lead to inflammation and microthrombogenesis. The former produces inflammatory diseases, and the latter produces endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (EA-VMTD), which orchestrates not only TTP-like syndrome characterized by the triad of consumptive thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, but also many other endotheliopathic syndromes. The diagnostic features of EA-VMTD are well established now and therapeutic strategies are being formulated. 
  • 732
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC),as the most common  oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is associated with numerous risk factors. Among which oral microbiota is recognized by more and more scholars. In the oral cavity, bacteria can aggregate into colonies to form functional biofilms, and the synergistic interaction of polymicroorganisms can maintain homeostasis with the host. However, Changes in specific individual bacterial components may cause colony effects that disrupt homeostasis, which would contribute to the initiation and progression of TSCC. For instance,the change of  relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and related bacteria can cause the occurrence of tongue cancer by mediating chronic inflammatory states, suppressing immune responses, synthesizing carcinogens, attenuating synthesis of anticancer agents and promoting cancer cell invasion. Therefore, the management of the  special microbiome associated with tumour microenvironments may be a promising treatment strategies for tumors in the future.
  • 429
  • 11 Oct 2022
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