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Topic Review
Bacteria in Healthcare Units
Healthcare units consist of numerous people circulating daily, such as workers, patients, and companions, and these people are vehicles for the transmission of microorganisms, such as bacteria. Bacteria species may have different allergenic, pathogenic, infectious, or toxic properties that can affect humans.
  • 545
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation: Pathogenesis, Predisposing factors and Genetics
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia managed in clinical practice, and it is linked to an increased risk of death, stroke, and peripheral embolism. The Global Burden of Disease shows that the estimated prevalence of AF is up to 33.5 million patients. So far, successful therapeutic techniques have been implemented, with high healthcare cost burdening. As a result, identifying modifiable risk factors for AF and suitable preventive measures may play a significant role in enhancing community health and lowering health-care system expenditures. Several mechanisms, including electrical and structural remodeling of atrial tissue, have been proposed to contribute to the development of AF. This entry discusses the predisposing factors in AF including the different pathogenic mechanisms, sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits as well as the potential genetic burdening. 
  • 545
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
T Cells in Metabolic Diseases
Metabolic disease is a kind of multi-system abnormal disease which is manifested by diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, and leads to a dramatic increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke. T cells are involved in the inflammatory response, which can also regulate the development of metabolic diseases, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells are mainly responsible for the role.
  • 544
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Escherichia coli Isolated from Migratory Birds
Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. Migratory birds are carriers of various types of pathogens including multidrug  Escherichia coli. However, their roles in the dissemination of these resistant pathogens are still being neglected in Bangladesh. MDR E. coli carried by many of these migratory birds could also be positive for APEC-associated virulence genes, which can seriously contribute to the development of human and animal diseases. 
  • 544
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Methylmercury plus Ethanol Exposure on Emotionality
Mercury is a heavy metal found in organic and inorganic forms that represents an important toxicant with impact on human health. Mercury can be released in the environment by natural phenoms (i.e., volcanic eruptions), industrial products, waste, or anthropogenic actions (i.e., mining activity). 
  • 544
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nosocomial Infections and Role of Nanotechnology
Nosocomial infections, termed hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are acquired from a healthcare or hospital setting. HAI is mainly caused by bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococci spp., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and many more. Due to growing antibacterial resistance, nanotechnology has paved the way for more potent and sensitive methods of detecting and treating bacterial infections.
  • 544
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CAR-T-cell Therapy
Studies describing invasive fungal infections (IFIs) after chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell (CAR-T-cell) therapy are limited. Although post-CAR-T-cell IFIs appear to be uncommon, they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Specific risk factors for IFIs in CAR-T-cell recipients have not been fully characterized and are often extrapolated from variables contributing to IFIs in patients with other hematologic malignancies or those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant. Optimal prophylaxis strategies, including the use of yeast versus mold-active azoles, also remain ill-defined. Further research should investigate key risk factors for IFIs and establish an evidence-based approach to antifungal prophylaxis in these patients in order to improve clinical outcomes.
  • 544
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Research Trends on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a phenomenon that occurs following novel or unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the exercise includes a high number of eccentric contractions. The damage process is normally accompanied by a temporary decrease in muscle function (both muscle force and range of motion), increased swelling of the involved muscle group, increased circulation of muscle-specific proteins, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Most of the symptoms and signs of EIMD are present immediately after the initial exercise bout and persist for up to 14 days. 
  • 546
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an accepted therapy for the treatment of refractory forms of epilepsy and depression. The brain–gut axis is increasingly being studied as a possible etiological factor of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 
  • 543
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Ultrasound during COVID 19
In practical terms, lung ultrasound (LUS) can be considered as an equally accurate alternative for CT in many situations where CT is not easily accessible or when molecular tests are not available. The use of lung ultrasound (LUS) as a triage tool has been proposed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemicand subsequent studies have confirmed its role. The high sensitivity of ultrasound for the superficial lesions of the lung from the interstitial stages represents its great value.
  • 543
  • 15 Apr 2022
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