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Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Removal on Wastewater
Pharmaceuticals enhance our quality of life; consequently, their consumption is growing as a result of the need to treat ageing-related and chronic diseases and changes in the clinical practice. The market revenues also show an historic growth worldwide motivated by the increase on the drug demand. However, this positivism on the market is fogged because the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites into the environment, including water, also increases due to their inappropriate management, treatment and disposal; now, worldwide, this fact is recognized as an environmental concern and human health risk. 
  • 879
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Indoor Air Quality in Elderly Centers
The elderly segment of the population is more vulnerable to adverse environmental conditions. Indoor air quality is one of the most relevant health determinant, especially for elders resident in Care Centers because elders spend most time indoors. The recent COVID-19 pandemic contributed greately to raise awareness on the importance of breathing safe air without biological and physical-chemical contaminants. The heath effects on elders of the main pollutants are discussed in this topic.
  • 878
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Alzheimer’s Disease
Among millions of sufferers of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the challenge is not only constantly coping with CRS-related symptoms, such as congested nose, sinus pain, and headaches, but also various complications, such as attention difficulties and possible depression. These complications suggest that neural activity in the central nervous system may be altered in those patients, leading to unexpected conditions, such as neurodegeneration in elderly patients. 
  • 877
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Influence of War and Conflict on Infectious Disease
Infectious diseases as the main reason or as a complication to surgical procedures were the main causes of deaths among soldiers during the Swedish–Russian war in the late 1780s. While the toll on civilians of infectious disease resulting from conflict is harder to measure, there is no doubt that it is far greater still. For these reasons, infectious diseases have been referred to as the “third army” during an armed conflict.
  • 878
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Burnout
Maslach et al. initially conceptualized burnout as a psychological state encompassing exhaustion, depersonalization (or cynicism), and a reduced sense of professional efficacy. However, Schaufeli et al. recently proposed an improved definition of burnout, as a syndrome reflecting: “a work-related state of exhaustion that occurs among employees, which is characterized by extreme tiredness, reduced ability to regulate cognitive and emotional processes, and mental distancing” (p. 4). This new definition excludes the professional efficacy component, which has been empirically found to be distinct from burnout. More generally, burnout seems to be primarily characterized by a state of work-related exhaustion and is generally acknowledged by researchers, clinicians, and the public as a pervasive occupational difficulty. However, and despite this widespread recognition, longstanding debates remain within the scientific community regarding the appropriateness of classifying burnout as its own pathological entity. 
  • 876
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Photoplethysmography
Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century.
  • 875
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Multimorbidity Prevention in Low and Middle Income Countries
Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are experiencing a fast-paced epidemiological rise in clusters of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, forming an imminent rise in multimorbidity. However, preventing multimorbidity has received little attention in LMICs, especially in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Multimorbidity may be preventable in LMICs if addressed early, especially lifestyle prevention. Lifestyle preventative strategies should be based on the understanding of local determinants of multimorbidity in LMICs, and person-centred intervention approaches.
  • 874
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Altruism and Organ Donation
Altruism is defined as behavior aimed at helping others; it may promote prosocial behavior that is sensitive to the other people’s actual needs. The behavior is carried out even when the helper does not expect any benefit or return, or when the behavior may endanger the helper to some extent. 
  • 873
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Olive Tree and Derivatives
Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most extensive crops in the Mediterranean countries, and an important source of extra distinctive compounds that has been widely tested due to its known health benefits. Olive derivatives, such as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and olive leaves are rich in antioxidant compounds such as hydroxytyrosol (HXT) and oleuropein and oleic acid, as main monounsaturated fatty acid. Because of HXT molecular structure, its regular consumption reports important beneficial properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer, which also make this compound a good preservative agent against meat deterioration and spoilage.
  • 870
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Epilepsy in Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk for epilepsy during the whole lifespan, but especially after age 40 years. The increase in the number of individuals with DS living into late middle age due to improved health care is resulting in an increase in epilepsy prevalence in this population. However, these epileptic seizures are probably underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. This late onset epilepsy is linked to the development of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the main comorbidity in adults with DS.
  • 867
  • 02 Jul 2021
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