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Topic Review
Cancers: Costs in Relation to Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Cancer represents a major health issue, concerning both the clinical burden (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and the consequent economic implications. With regard to the latter, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are often used to measure the burden of disease since they are a compound unit encompassing both disability and mortality, but substantial heterogeneity occurs when they are translated to monetary value. Each DALY due to cancer has shown to cost, on average, around 9000 USD in high- and upper-middle income countries, although this computation can be strongly influenced by fluctuations depending on cancer type and other parameters (e.g., country, prices). Moreover, the cost per cancer-related DALY has been found to be, on average, 32% (95% CI: 24–42%) of the corresponding countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which implies that the use of a priori established parameters, such as GDP or the value of a statistical life (VSL), might lead to presenting rough estimates highly different (even threefold) from what emerges a posteriori, after directly retrieving figures and/or building models out of available data.
  • 322
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Use of Patient-Reported Data within Acute Healthcare Context
 Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) and patient satisfaction surveys provide important information on how care can be improved. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems tool (HCAHPS) was used most frequently for measuring patient satisfaction. Where reported, data were applied to improve patient-centred care and utilization of health resources. Gaps in the use of patient data within hospital services are noticeable. Engaging management and improving staff capability are needed to overcome barriers to implementation.
  • 321
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Brucella melitensis Vaccines
Brucella melitensis is recognized as one of the predominant zoonotic pathogens globally. Live-attenuated vaccine Rev 1 is currently the most effective vaccine for controlling B. melitensis in small ruminants. While Brucella inactivated, nanoparticle, and subunit vaccines are less effective and require multiple doses, live-attenuated vaccines are less expensive and more efficacious. Several drawbacks are associated with the administration of current attenuated B. melitensis vaccines, including interference with serological diagnostic tests, inducing abortion in pregnant animals, shedding in milk, and zoonotic infections in humans. 
  • 321
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Spermatozoon Effect on Embryo Development
The intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique was invented to solve severe male infertility due to altered sperm parameters. It is applied worldwide for the treatment of couple infertility. ICSI is performed with any available spermatozoon from surgery or ejaculated samples, whatever are the sperm motility, morphology or quantity. The causes of male infertility are crucial in building a competent spermatozoa that will contribute to normal embryonic development and healthy offspring.
  • 321
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–syphilis co-infection poses a threat to certain populations, and patients may have considerably poorer health outcomes due to these infections. Males—particularly men who have sex with men—compose the overwhelming majority of co-infected cases. Additional risk factors include a low CD4 cell count, current or past sexually transmitted infections, and a high number of sexual partners. 
  • 320
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
The Concept of Child-Centred Care in Healthcare
The position of children in healthcare reflects their changing and evolving positioning in society more broadly. The concept of child-centred care orientates children to a more central position within children’s healthcare, where the child is at the centre of thinking and practice. However, a clear definition of child-centred care and clarity around the concept is yet to be achieved.
  • 320
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Natural Products and Nutrients on Depression
Neuropsychiatric disease is a serious public health problem in the world. Depression and anxiety are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases, and they usually occur simultaneously or sequentially. There are nearly 322 million people suffering from depression in the world and it has become the second leading cause of years lost to disability worldwide. Depression is characterized by fatigue, anhedonia, sleep disturbance, and self-destructive behavior, which seriously affect patients’ mental health and social functions. The pathology of depression was associated with neuroinflammation, monoamine deficiency, gut microbiota disorder, the hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and so on.
  • 320
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Head and Neck Carcinoma
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all public life and the global economy. Since its discovery, the disease has spread rapidly, which led to an unprecedented public health crisis and the adoption of extreme measures to limit community and hospital spread. As a result of a confluence of extraordinary circumstances caused by this pandemic, the doctrines of treatment for patients with head and neck carcinoma had to be reanalyzed, guaranteeing the well-being of both patients and health professionals as well as society itself. 
  • 320
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sulfur Metabolism of the Gut Microbiome/Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer diagnosed in individuals under 50 years old is called early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), and its incidence has been rising worldwide. Simultaneously occurring with increasing obesity, this worrisome trend is partly explained by the strong influence of dietary elements, particularly fatty, meaty, and sugary food. An animal-based diet, the so-called Western diet, causes a shift in dominant microbiota and their metabolic activity, which may disrupt the homeostasis of hydrogen sulfide concentration. Bacterial sulfur metabolism is recognized as a critical mechanism of EOCRC pathogenesis.
  • 320
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Dysfunction of Biliary Sphincter of Oddi
Biliary Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is one of the main causes of post-cholecystectomy pain. Biliary SOD is classified into three types according to Milwaukee classification, based on clinical presentation as well as laboratory and/or imaging abnormalities. As a functional disorder, SOD is classified according to Rome IV criteria. Currently, patients with post-cholecystectomy pain and SOD are mostly diagnosed by the Rome IV criteria. The management of SOD most often involves non-pharmacologic treatment, and high-level evidence supports sphincterotomy in type 1 and 2 SOD. Emerging high-quality data show no effect of sphincterotomy for patients with type 3 SOD. However, ERCP with biliary sphincterotomy is associated with post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis rates from 10% to 15%.
  • 320
  • 30 Aug 2023
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