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Topic Review
Patient Active Approaches in Osteopathic Practice
Osteopathy is a whole-body patient-centered intervention mainly focused on sustaining a person’s health processes by means of touch-based approaches focused on the somatic dysfunctions (SD) present in different regions of the body. 
  • 484
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is one of the most prevalent disorders that affects the muscles and is characterized by pain, stiffness, and soreness in the muscles, tendons, and joints. Fibromyalgia is in a family of disorders termed the affective spectrum disorders (ASD). ASDs frequently co-occur in both individuals and families and share physiologic abnormalities along with genetic risk factors that may be central to their etiology. The most prevalent ASDs are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, social phobia, and medical disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], migraine, and cataplexy. FMS commonly manifests in young or middle-aged females as chronic widespread pain, stiffness, fatigue, disrupted unrefreshing sleep, and cognitive difficulties. FMS often coexists with a number of other unexplained symptoms, anxiety and/or depression, and functional impairment of daily living activities. Fibromyalgia typically causes broad pain that affects both sides of the body with numerous “tender points”. Despite having incapacitating physical pain, FMS is not accompanied by tissue inflammation, tissue damage, or deformity.
  • 583
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Classification of Disc Herniation
Low-back pain (LBP) is a broad category of musculoskeletal disorders regarded as one of the primary causes of disability in the general population, with a lifetime incidence of 65–85% of individuals worldwide. One of the specific causes of LBP is lumbar intervertebral disc disorders with nerve root irritation. Most individuals affected fall within the age range of 30 to 50 years, with a higher prevalence in men than in women. The intervertebral disc is formed by an inner nucleus pulposus (NP), an outer annulus fibrosus (AF), and the cartilaginous endplates that attach the disc to its vertebrae. The protrusion of disc material into the spinal canal from outside the annular lining is known as herniation. When compared to other regions, the lumbar region is where disc herniation is most commonly observed, especially at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels. Lumbar disc herniation associated with radiculopathy (LDHR) is the outcome of the extruded disc material pressing into or contacting the lumbar nerve roots.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathological Mechanisms of Mitochondria in Brain Disease
Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and controlling redox signaling. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and psychiatric illnesses.
  • 236
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hypertension–Brain-Induced Complications
Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation.
  • 470
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex multisystem condition with metabolic, endocrine, psychological, fertility and pregnancy-related implications at all stages of life. The majority of women with PCOS manifest multiple metabolic features including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia and hyperandrogenism. PCOS results in an increased risk of developing metabolic disease (type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome), cardiovascular disease, cancer, a wide array of pregnancy complications (deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, growth restriction, miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm labor) and psychological problems (anxiety, depression).
  • 477
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Partner and Perinatal Mental Health
Pregnancy is a transitional period involving the most complex experiences in a woman’s life, during which the woman’s psychological status can be affected by a wide range of psychosocial variables. However, positive interpersonal relationships appear to constitute a supportive network that significantly influences perinatal mental health. Therefore, the presence of a supportive partner works psycho-protectively against the difficulties and pressures created by the transition to maternity. Most studies have shown a correlation between the support from the partner and prenatal depression and anxiety. Support from the spouse during childbirth is related to the extent to which women feel safe during labor as well as the stress during childbirth. The role of the partner is very important in the occurrence of perinatal mental disorders in women.
  • 327
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Particulate Matter and Associated Metals
Particulate air pollution (PM) is a mixture of heterogenous components from natural and anthropogenic sources and contributes to a variety of serious illnesses, including neurological and behavioral effects, as well as millions of premature deaths. Ultrafine (PM0.1) and fine-size ambient particles (PM2.5) can enter the circulatory system and cross the blood–brain barrier or enter through the optic nerve, and then upregulate inflammatory markers and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. Toxic and neurotoxic metals such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and barium (Ba) can adsorb to the PM surface and potentially contribute to the neurotoxic effects associated with PM exposure. Epidemiological studies have shown a negative relationship between exposure to PM-associated Mn and neurodevelopment amongst children, as well as impaired dexterity in the elderly. Inhaled PM-associated Cu has also been shown to impair motor performance and alter basal ganglia in schoolchildren.
  • 447
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Particle-Bound Mercury Characterization
Particulate Bound Hg (PBM) consists of all airborne particulate containing Hg, including both stable condensed and gaseous forms adsorbed on atmospheric particulate matter (PM); it is operationally sampled and quantified by pulling air through a glass fiber or a quartz filter. PBM usually includes all those particles with a diameter <2.5 μm, even if its characterization depends on the pore size of the filter used for its collection. The accurate dimensional characterization is then essential to estimate the dry deposition of PBM, as well as any other particulate pollutant; the particles diameters directly influence gravitational sedimentation and the PBM residence time in the atmosphere. In addition, PBM chemical speciation, as well as for the other Hg forms, is fundamental to understand PBM bioavailability and therefore the effects on human .
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Participatory Action Research for Sexual and Reproductive Health
Youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health (SRH) interventions are essential for the health of adolescents (10–19 years). Co-designing is a participatory approach to research, allowing for collaboration with academic and non-academic stakeholders in intervention development. Participatory action research (PAR) involves stakeholders throughout the planning, action, observation, and reflection stages of research. Current knowledge indicates that co-producing SRH interventions with adolescents increases a feeling of ownership, setting the scene for intervention adoption in implementation settings. 
  • 478
  • 10 Mar 2022
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