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Topic Review
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes, (colloquially named “group A streptococcus” (GAS)), is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that can cause both non-invasive and invasive disease (iGAS), as well as nonsuppurative sequelae. This includes pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, type II necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
  • 747
  • 16 May 2021
Topic Review
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Baby-Led Weaning
Baby-led weaning (BLW) is an increasingly popular way of expanding an infant’s diet. It is based on the baby becoming physically ready to eat on his or her own, effectively supplementing his or her diet, which was previously based on breast milk or modified milk. In the traditional approach to complementary feeding, parents usually feed their infants pureed foods (mush) with a spoon, gradually introducing an increasing variety of tastes and textures as they grow, until solid foods are introduced. The process of diet expansion with the BLW method is guided by the child, using its skills and instinct. According to Brown and Lee, BLW is “a procedure in which the infant feeds himself, and feeding by the parent or serving smooth purees may occur occasionally, up to 10% of the total feeding time”. The role of the first solid foods, often referred to as complementary foods, in expanding an infant’s diet is not to replace breast milk or formula milk, but to be in addition to it.
  • 503
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strategies to Manage an Outbreak for Avian Influenza
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for disease control and outbreak eradication. AI is caused by an RNA virus part of the Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A is capable of infecting birds. AI pathogenicity is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus has a low mortality rate and ability to infect, whereas the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus can cross respiratory and intestinal barriers, diffuse to the blood, damage all tissues of the bird, and has a high mortality rate.
  • 224
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for the Appropriateness of Medication Use
The evidence on the effectiveness of strategies and tools to promote and improve medication appropriateness and their sustainability largely derives from local and heterogeneous experiences with contrasting results. As a general framework, three main steps should be considered in implementing measures to improve the appropriateness of medications: prescription, acceptance by the patient, and continuous monitoring of adherence and the risk-benefit profile. Each step needs efforts from specific actors (physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) and dedicated supporting tools. Moreover, how to support the appropriateness also strictly depends on the particular care setting (hospital, ambulatory or primary care, nursing home, long-term care) and available economic resources. 
  • 328
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stonefish: venom components, pathology, distribution
There are five species of stonefish within the genus Synanceia: Synanceia horrida (previously referred to as S. trachynis), S. verrucosa, S. alula, S. nana and S. platyrhyncha. Synanceia spp. can grow 35–50 cm in length and have evolved grey and mottled skin to camouflage themselves amongst encrusted rocks and coral for predation and defense. Synanceia species have up to 15 dorsal fin spines that are erected when the fish is disturbed. Stings from this medically important group of fish are known to cause painful and lethal human envenomations. Stonefish are regarded as one of the most venomous fish in the world. Research on stonefish venom has chiefly focused on the in vitro and in vivo neurological, cardiovascular, cytotoxic and nociceptive effects of the venom.
  • 8.9K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sting-Related Deaths in Europe (1994–2016)
Bees and wasps provide an important service to ecosystems, contributing to the improvement of biodiversity while helping to maintain ecological balance. Although not frequent, hornet, wasp, and bee stings may be life-threatening. With each sting, Hymenopterans inject a small amount of venom that can cause reactions of varying intensity: (i) normal local reactions (NLR), (ii) large local reactions (LLR), (iii) systemic anaphylactic reactions (SAR), (iv) systemic toxic reactions (STR) and (v) unusual reactions (UR).  Hymenopteran stings have recently become a worldwide public health concern. However, this health problem can be underestimated despite the number of cases presented. With the expansion of non-native Hymenopteran species across Europe, allergists should be aware that their community’s exposures are continually changing.
  • 911
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Steroid Induced Hyperglycaemia in Hospital
Oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) might be an adequate choice in inpatients with stable and non-critical disease and mild hyperglycaemic excursions. In those with significant hyperglycaemia and severe illness, insulin remains the treatment of choice in the hospital setting as also suggested by the current guidelines for inpatient diabetes management.
  • 575
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Status of Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by an individual’s deficits in social communication and interaction, accompanied by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and a restricted scope of interests. The prevalence of ASD among Chinese children over the past two decades has attracted substantial attention from practitioners, researchers, and policymakers. 
  • 230
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Statistical Analysis of Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Data
COVID-19 caused a pandemic, due to its ease of transmission and high number of infections. The evolution of the pandemic and its consequences for the mortality and morbidity of populations, especially the elderly, generated several scientific studies and many research projects. Among them, researchers have the Predictive Models of COVID-19 Outcomes for Higher Risk Patients Towards a Precision Medicine (PREMO) research project. For such a project with many data records, it is necessary to provide a smooth graphical analysis to extract value from it.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Static Stretching Exercises
The utility of flexibility as a standard component of physical fitness has recently been questioned, sparking a heated debate among scientists. Rsearchers conducted a narrative review of the existing knowledge and concluded that flexibility deserves to be further considered as a standard component of physical fitness. This is based on the findings that in addition to flexibility, long-term static stretching training induces positive effects on muscle strength, muscle power, and muscle hypertrophy, irrespective of age and sex. There are also indications that long-term static stretching training could mitigate the risk of injury. Furthermore, promising evidence shows that combining resistance training with static stretching exercises constitutes an effective approach benefiting muscle strength and hypertrophy more than resistance training alone. Overall, researchers would not support the recent suggestion that flexibility should be retired as a standard component of physical fitness and researchers would advocate for a continuous emphasis on the prescription of stretching exercises.
  • 382
  • 10 Feb 2023
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