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Topic Review
Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality
Human comfort is determined based on their comfort level and overall satisfaction with the thermal environments. A stable core body temperature at about 37°C and maintained through a process that called Thermoregulation. In the process, the body would adjust to the thermal surrounding through efferent responses such as sweating or triggering adaptive action to be taken by each individual such as drinking water, having bath or etc. This is done so that are a certain level of comfort is reached in the cognitive process of a human that is called thermal comfort where comfort with surrounding temperature is archived physically, physiologically and psychologically.  Sleep is one of the most important aspects in daily life of a human being. It is classified into a few different stages, mainly Stage N1, N2, N3 and REM. This cycle alternates a few times during the whole sleep. An extreme cold environment would result in disrupted sleep quality as well as extreme hot environment. Thus, evaluating both thermal comfort and sleep quality are equally as important. In investigating thermal comfort with sleep quality, the method of questionnaire evaluation on the comfort of an individual have been the most used, since the thermal comfort considered as an individual perception. However, as the technology advances, other type of assessments are also used in addition to the traditional questionnaire evaluation method.
  • 429
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Therapy for Patients with Hereditary Angioedema during Pregnancy
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, inherited disease caused by a deficiency (HAE-1) or lack of functional (HAE-2) C1 inhibitor protein. The symptoms present with mucocutaneous swelling of various organ systems, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, which can manifest as stridor and abdominal pain, respectively. HAE can present with increased frequency and severity of attacks during the pregnancy and lactation period. This is thought to be due to hormonal changes, which may trigger HAE attacks. The management of this condition in pregnant and lactating patients can be challenging for providers due to disease rarity and the lack of data regarding the management of this specific population. 
  • 349
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Target for β-Thalassemia Patients
Iron homeostasis is regulated by hepcidin, a hepatic hormone that controls dietary iron absorption and plasma iron concentration. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN), which regulates its expression. The major factors that implicate hepcidin regulation include iron stores, hypoxia, inflammation, and erythropoiesis. When erythropoietic activity is suppressed, hepcidin expression is hampered, leading to deficiency, thus causing an iron overload in iron-loading anemia, such as β-thalassemia. Iron overload is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in β-thalassemia patients with or without blood transfusion dependence. In the case of thalassemia major, the primary cause of iron overload is blood transfusion. In contrast, iron overload is attributed to hepcidin deficiency and hyperabsorption of dietary iron in non-transfusion thalassemia. Beta-thalassemia patients showed marked hepcidin suppression, anemia, iron overload, and ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). Recent molecular research has prompted the discovery of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for several diseases, including β-thalassemia.
  • 502
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Response-Related Ferroptosis Regulators in Bladder Cancer
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, has been reported to regulate tumorigenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and the immune response. However, the potential roles of ferroptosis regulators in the progression of bladder cancer (BLCA) remain unknown. We systematically evaluated the multidimensional alteration landscape of ferroptosis regulators in BLCA and checked if their expression correlated with the ferroptosis index. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate Cox regression, a seven ferroptosis regulator signature was constructed. We validated the prognostic and predictive accuracy of this signature in five independent datasets and established a nomogram to predict the overall survival (OS) and risk of death of BLCA patients. Moreover, the risk score was associated with tumor progression and antitumor immunity-related pathways. Furthermore, the relative antitumor immune cell infiltration level was negatively correlated with the risk score, and the tumor mutation burden was higher in the low-risk group, which might be useful for predicting immunotherapy efficacy. The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) database and IMvigor210 cohort with immunotherapy efficacy results were used to confirm the prediction function of the risk score. Furthermore, the ferroptosis regulator signature could also reflect the chemotherapy sensitivity of BLCA. Ferroptosis might play a role in precision individualized chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This entry highlights the crucial clinical implications of ferroptosis and will help with developing personalized therapeutic strategies for BLCA patients
  • 402
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric generalized epileptic syndrome. Although it is traditionally considered as a benign self-limited condition, the apparent benign nature of this syndrome has been revaluated in recent years. Old and new therapeutic options in particular for resistant forms of CAE are discussed in this entry. 
  • 381
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis
Splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) includes portal (portal vein thrombosis, PVT), mesenteric (mesenteric vein thrombosis, MVT) and splenic vein thrombosis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). SVT is generally classified as secondary to an identified risk factor or primitive, unprovoked, when causative factors cannot be identified. While much rarer than common venous thromboembolism (VTE), SVT is often challenging to clinicians for both the identification of the causal disorder and for its therapeutic management. The therapeutic approach of SVT is a clinical challenge and considers the manifestations and the site of thrombosis, the risk of SVT progression, recurrence and bleeding. The decision regarding when to start, as well as the type and the duration of anticoagulant therapy is often made empirically.
  • 309
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils
EEssential oils (EOs) have been known for their therapeutic potential against many health issues. EOs may contribute to the regulation and modulation of various biomarkers and cellular pathways responsible for metabolic health as well as the development of many diseases, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections. 
  • 378
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Aquatic Exercise in Pregnancy
Aquatic physical exercise aimed at pregnant women has proliferated in recent years, thanks to the benefits provided by the aquatic environment, such as a decrease in gravitational pull, an improved sense of physical comfort, improved mobility and flexibility, reduction of post-exercise pain and an improvement of venous return due to the increased hydrostatic pressure.
  • 388
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Theranostics Using Indocyanine Green Lactosomes
Lactosomes™ are biocompatible nanoparticles that can be used for cancer tissue imaging and drug delivery. Lactosomes are amphiphilic micelles in which the particle size can be controlled in the range of 20 to 100 nm. Lactosomes can also be loaded with imaging probes and anticancer agents. Indocyanine green-loaded lactosomes accumulate in cancer tissues and function as a photosensitizer, which simultaneously enables diagnosis and photodynamic therapy. 
  • 239
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Theoretical Rationale of Fall Prevention Exercise Program
Falls are a major concern in the elderly and walking is an important daily activity in which falls occur, with tripping and slipping being the most frequent causes. Gait biomechanical parameters have been related to the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Moreover, there is evidence that falls can be prevented through exercise programs, which have been shown to be also effective in improving gait biomechanical parameters.
  • 147
  • 29 Jan 2024
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