Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Journal
Book
Video
Image
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Kelvin–Stokes Theorem
The Kelvin–Stokes theorem, named after Lord Kelvin and George Stokes, also known as the Stokes' theorem, the fundamental theorem for curls or simply the curl theorem, is a theorem in vector calculus on [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{R}^3 }[/math]. Given a vector field, the theorem relates the integral of the curl of the vector field over some surface, to the line integral of the vector field around the boundary of the surface. If a vector field [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} = (P(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)) }[/math] is defined in a region with smooth oriented surface [math]\displaystyle{ \Sigma }[/math] and has first order continuous partial derivatives then: where [math]\displaystyle{ \partial \Sigma }[/math] is boundary of region with smooth surface [math]\displaystyle{ \Sigma }[/math]. The above classical Kelvin-Stokes theorem can be stated in one sentence: The line integral of a vector field over a loop is equal to the flux of its curl through the enclosed surface. The Kelvin–Stokes theorem is a special case of the "generalized Stokes' theorem." In particular, a vector field on [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{R}^3 }[/math] can be considered as a 1-form in which case its curl is its exterior derivative, a 2-form.
1.4K
02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ion-selective Electrodes
An Ion-selective electrode (ISE) is a transducer (sensor) which converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential which can be measured by a voltmeter or pH meter. The voltage is theoretically dependent on the logarithm of the ionic activity, according to the Nernst equation. The sensing part of the electrode is usually made as an ion-specific membrane, along with a reference electrode. Ion-selective electrodes are used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of ionic concentration in an aqueous solution are required, usually on a real time basis.
1.2K
10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Jiles–Atherton Model
The Jiles–Atherton model of magnetic hysteresis was introduced in 1984 by David Jiles and D. L. Atherton. This is one of the most popular models of magnetic hysteresis. Its main advantage is the fact that this model enables connection with physical parameters of the magnetic material. Jiles–Atherton model enables calculation of minor and major hysteresis loops. The original Jiles–Atherton model is suitable only for isotropic materials. However, an extension of this model presented by Ramesh et al. and corrected by Szewczyk enables the modeling of anisotropic magnetic materials.
1.2K
02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cosmogenic Activation
The cosmogenic activation of materials is the production of radioactive isotopes due to the exposure to cosmic rays. On the Earth's surface, spallation induced by cosmic neutrons is responsible of most of the activation, but other reactions and cosmic ray components must be considered too in other conditions, like if materials are flown at high altitudes or stored deep underground. Cosmogenic activation is relevant in different contexts; for example, together with primordial or anthropogenic radioactivity, it s a background source in experiments devoted to the investigation of rare event phenomena, like the direct detection of dark matter particles or the nuclear double beta decay.
1.2K
26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Korean Taekwondo Athletes
This study aimed to present a standard and normal distribution of Taekwondo athletes’ physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles using a systematic review. A systematic search was conducted using four Korean databases (Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library, DBpia, and Korean Studies Information Service System). From 2010 to 2020, we reviewed 838 papers on Taekwondo athletes’ physical characteristics and physical fitness factors (e.g., body composition, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, power, agility, balance, speed, and reaction time).
1.1K
29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CMS Magnetic System Model
Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector and the methodology of modelling the heterogeneous CMS magnetic system for describing the magnetic flux of the CMS superconducting solenoid enclosed in a steel flux-return yoke.
1.1K
15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO
2
Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 is a chemical process whereby carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons by the energy of incident light. This process needs to be catalyzed either homogeneously or heterogeneously in order to proceed, and current research is aimed at developing these catalysts, most of which are semiconducting materials. Semiconducting catalysts provide favourable electron transfer kinetics. The feasibility of this chemical reaction was first theorised by Giacomo Luigi Ciamician, an Italian photochemist. Already in 1912 he stated that "By using suitable catalyzers, it should be possible to transform the mixture of water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and methane, or to cause other endo-energetic processes." Motivation for research in this area is strong due to the current attention to atmospheric carbon dioxide as the reduction of carbon dioxide would be one route for removal and sequestration. Furthermore, the reduced species may prove to be a valuable feedstock for other processes. If the incident light utilized is solar in nature then this process also potentially represents energy routes which combine renewable energy with CO2 reduction.
947
02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cellulose and Microfluidics
Cellulose, a linear polysaccharide, is the most common and renewable biopolymer in nature.
914
10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Reduction Potential
Redox potential (also known as oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pe, [math]\displaystyle{ E_{red} }[/math], or [math]\displaystyle{ E_{h} }[/math]) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode and thereby be reduced or oxidised respectively. Redox potential is expressed in volts (V). Each species has its own intrinsic redox potential; for example, the more positive the reduction potential (reduction potential is more often used due to general formalism in electrochemistry), the greater the species' affinity for electrons and tendency to be reduced.
881
02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Measurement of Compact Muon Solenoid Magnetic Field
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The goal of CMS experiment is to investigate a wide range of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and particles that could make up dark matter. The CMS magnetic field is provided by a wide-aperture superconducting thin solenoid with a diameter of 6 m and a length of 12.5 m, where a central magnetic flux density of 3.8 T is created by an operational direct current of 18.164 kA.
877
15 Feb 2022
Page
of
6
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Journal
Book
Video
Image
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×