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Topic Review
Unabsorbed Slack Resources and Enterprise Innovation
In 1963, Cyert & March defined slack resources as “the difference between total resources needed by the enterprise organization to maintain the status quo and the resources actually possessed by the organization”. There exist different forms of slack resources, such as idle machinery and equipment, surplus cash, extra employees, and semi-finished products in processing.  Technological innovation plays an important role in the success of enterprises and it is a critical factor for them to gain strong short-term market performance and long-term competitive advantage. Due to long cycles, large investments, and high adjustment costs, adequate resource support is essential to ensure the sustainability of innovation activities.
  • 654
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Neural Network
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are known to be able to provide an abnormal return by using technical indicators as predictors in stock markets. The ANN, as a deep learning (DL)  technique is used to recognize patterns or images by imitating the visual processing of living organisms.
  • 650
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Factors Related to Fintech Adoption
Technology in general, and information and communication technologies (ICT) specifically, have directly impacted all facets of human life, from innovation processes that affect the economy and industrial and organizational dynamics to important advances in different sectors. Such is the case in the financial sector, where emerging disruptive technologies such as financial technologies (Fintech) are adding elements of ease and speed to the different transactions carried out in that sector.
  • 638
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Consequences of Geopolitics and COVID-19 on Economic Performance
The COVID-19 crisis and the war between Russia and Ukraine affects the world economy badly. The western countries’ economic sanctions on Russia and the Russian government’s reverse sanctions on western countries create pressure on the world economy. Countries over the world registered less economic growth, high inflation rate, and high government debt in 2022 compared to the fiscal period of 2019–2021. The emerging economies and developing countries of Europe were badly affected by the crisis as the level of inflation rate hit 27 percent and the economic growth of the region registered a negative 2.9 percent. It also found rising interest rates, exchange rate volatility, risk of stagflation, and rising energy prices are the short-term risks to economies. The issue of sustainable development goals and green aspects, risk of hyperinflation, and risk of economic recession are the long-term strategic challenges or risks to economies. Bailout and debt relief were found to be necessary for those countries badly affected by the crisis. Policymakers should facilitate financial policies and should switch from general assistance to targeted support of viable enterprises. 
  • 635
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between Capital Structure and Firm Performance
Capital structure is negatively related to firm performance. Agency cost also has a negative impact on corporate performance; however, in the case of return on assets (ROA) and earnings per share (EPS), the relationship is positive. Interestingly, the findings illustrate that increasing the level of debt can reduce agency costs and enhance firm performance. Moreover, robust correlations are revealing that agency cost significantly affects the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance. 
  • 633
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Evolution of U.S. Equity Trading Venues
The modern U.S. equity market has been evolving from floor trading by brokers who read the ticker tape and bid on offer to purely electric trading coded into computer algorithms. This entry briefly overviews the evolution of the U.S. equity venues and discusses the consequences of market fragmentation from theoretical and empirical perspectives.
  • 631
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Emissions and Firm Performance
: This paper examines the effects of carbon emissions on the accounting and market-based performance of financial and non-financial firms in emerging economies. Data for 104 financial and 328 non-financial firms constituting 2591 observations operating in 22 emerging economies were collected from the Datastream database for the period 2011–2020. We applied OLS and 2SLS regression techniques to analyze the data. The results show that financial firms emit less carbon than their non-financial counterparts. The results further show that carbon emissions reduce firms’ return on equity, Tobin’s Q, Z-score, and credit rating. Our findings remain robust in different estimation techniques and alternative proxies of performance. Our results have some important policy implications for emerging economies.
  • 629
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Knowledge Management Criteria in the Banking Industry
Banks’ performance and profitability were influenced significantly by the COVID-19 pandemic. Facing the impact and challenges derived from the pandemic, some responsive measures needed to be adopted by the banking industry. Supported by successful sustainability performance and a competitive advantage, accurate knowledge management could help organizations to survive future pandemics.
  • 625
  • 12 Oct 2022
Biography
Lester Ingber
Prof. Lester Ingber has published over 100 papers and books in theoretical physics, neuroscience, finance, optimization, combat analysis, karate, and education.  As CEO of Physical Studies Institute LLC (PSI) in Hillsboro OR he develops and consults on projects documented in the https://www.ingber.com/ archive. Prof. Ingber received: his diploma from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1958; his
  • 624
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Financial Aspects
The barriers faced by companies adopting the circular economy in relation to financial performance are defined by (i) the size of the business and the initial investment cost, (ii) difficulties for micro and small companies, (iii) to a more complex structuring of the business, and (iv) greater exposure to risk, as the circular economy is a new concept and is and not as representative as a linear standard system. Thus, there is a need for accounting control of process costs, since resources for different products can have different life cycles. Therefore, factors like financial incentives, subsidies for the projects, and the awareness of nations, companies and consumers are of great importance for the evolution of the circular economy.
  • 623
  • 23 Mar 2022
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