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Topic Review
Two-Photon Imaging
Two-photon imaging (2PI) is a fluorescence-based laser scanning microscopy technique commonly used in studies across various fields of research, including neurobiology, embryology, and tissue engineering. In principle, it involves two infrared photons simultaneously exciting a single fluorophore in a sample, thereby causing it to emit light in a specific wavelength region, also called fluorescence emission spectrum. This fluorescence is normally detected in a wavelength region close to the maximum of this spectrum, allowing the sample to be identified based on its specific fluorescent characteristics.
  • 564
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
[18F]FET PET in Glioma Recurrence
[18F]fluoroethyl-tyrosine (FET) is an artificial amino acid taken up into upregulated tumoral cells by the LAT system, independently of blood brain barrier leakage. FET is diffuse in Europe and has been shown to provide high sensitivity and specificity for glioma detection resulting in a reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating tumor recurrence/progression from treatment related changes.
  • 560
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Predictive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that poses a challenge to clinicians due to its remarkable inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity. MS still lacks specific humoral biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, or progression, but data derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements might represent our best predictive biomarkers to date.
  • 544
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Image-Based Glioma Grading
Technological innovation has enabled the development of machine learning (ML) tools that aim to improve the practice of radiologists. In the last decade, ML applications to neuro-oncology have expanded significantly, with the pre-operative prediction of glioma grade using medical imaging as a specific area of interest. 
  • 539
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Aβ Optical Imaging in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, irreversible, and incurable neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological feature of AD is the deposition of misfolded β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The abnormal accumulation of Aβ plaques leads to the loss of some neuron functions, further causing the neuron entanglement and the corresponding functional damage, which has a great impact on memory and cognitive functions. The imaging techniques for the clinical AD diagnosis currently mainly include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and so on. Compared with clinical imaging modalities, optical imaging possesses many advantages (e.g., noninvasiveness, high sensitivity, low cost, high imaging speed, and the ability to carry out three-dimensional imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution), allowing for the detection of biological processes at the cellular or molecular level.
  • 533
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound Technologies in Giant Cell Arteritis Diagnosis
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a primary autoimmune vasculitis that specifically affects medium-sized extracranial arteries, like superficial temporal arteries (TAs). The most important data to be considered for the ultrasound (US) diagnosis of temporal arteritis are stenosis, acute occlusions and “dark halo” sign, which represent the edema of the vascular wall. The vessel wall thickening of large vessels in GCA can be recognized by the US, which has high sensitivity and is facile to use. Ocular complications of GCA are common and consist especially of anterior arterial ischemic optic neuropathies or central retinal artery occlusion with sudden, painless, and sharp loss of vision in the affected eye. Color Doppler imaging of the orbital vessels (showing low-end diastolic velocities and a high resistance index) is essential to quickly differentiate the mechanism of ocular involvement (arteritic versus non-arteritic), since the characteristics of TAs on US do not correspond with ocular involvement on GCA. GCA should be cured immediately with systemic corticosteroids to avoid further visual loss of the eyes. 
  • 531
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging
Los fisioterapeutas utilizan la ecografía de rehabilitación (RUSI) como una herramienta de retroalimentación para medir los cambios en la morfología muscular durante intervenciones terapéuticas como los ejercicios de control motor (MCE). Sin embargo, falta una descripción estructurada de su eficacia.
  • 521
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MRI CNS Atrophy Pattern
MRI shows the three archetypal patterns of CNS volume loss underlying progressive ataxias in vivo, namely spinal atrophy (SA), cortical cerebellar atrophy (CCA) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). In line with the neuropathological discoveries of the XIX and XX centuries, MRI confirms today that there are three fundamental distribution patterns of CNS atrophy underlying progressive ataxias in vivo. They are SA, CCA and OPCA and can be inherited or acquired. Although the present trend driven by molecular genetics advances is to split progressive ataxias into hundreds of sometimes very rare conditions, a simple clumping of them according to the MRI-based CNS atrophy pattern is possible and might help diagnosis, possibly improve physiopathology understanding and may even cause future studies to rethink therapies for these uncommon but disabling diseases.
  • 505
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
PET Imaging
PET imaging is being increasingly used to supplement MRI in the clinical management of brain tumors. The main radiotracers implemented in clinical practice include [18F]FDG, radiolabeled amino acids ([11C]MET, [18F]FDOPA, [18F]FET) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-SSTR, targeting glucose metabolism, L-amino-acid transport and somatostatin receptors expression, respectively. 
  • 502
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases
The magnetic resonance characteristics of autoimmune demyelinating diseases are complex and represent a challenge for the radiologist. Expected and unexpected findings of magnetic resonance imaging examination for autoimmune demyelinating diseases were reported in order to provide a valuable approach for diagnosis.
  • 492
  • 18 Apr 2022
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