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Topic Review
Appropriate Vestibular Stimulation in Children and Adolescents
The structural development of the vestibular part of the inner ear is completed by birth but its central connections continue to develop until adolescence. Their development is dependent on vestibular stimulation—vestibular experience. Studies have shown that vestibular function, modulated by experience and epigenetic factors, is not solely an instrument for body position regulation, navigation, and stabilization of the head and images but also influences cognition, emotion, the autonomous nervous system and hormones. 
  • 138
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Different Methods of Administering Medication to Olfactory Cleft
Olfactory dysfunction affects approximately 20% of the population globally, with incidence increasing over the age of 60. The pathophysiology is complex, not yet fully understood, and depends on many factors, including the underlying cause. Despite this, the present literature on olfaction is limited due to significant heterogeneity in methodological approaches. This has resulted in limited effective treatments available for olfactory dysfunction. Medications for olfactory dysfunction can be administered locally (directly to the olfactory epithelium) or systemically (orally or intravenously). There are various methods for local drug delivery to the olfactory epithelium (nasal drops, nasal sprays, atomisers, pressured meter-dosed inhalers, rinses, and exhalation delivery systems).
  • 149
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 182
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. 
  • 144
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and MetS in SSHL
Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL.
  • 160
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotics and Steroids on Nasal Microbiomein CRS Patients
The nasal microbiome represents the main environmental factor of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antibiotics and steroids constitute the mainstay of CRS therapies. 
  • 141
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DL Techniques and Imaging in Head and Neck
Deep learning (DL) systems utilize complex algorithms and neural networks featuring numerous intricate layers in order to make decisions and solve advanced problems. Their application in medicine, and specifically in otorhinolaryngology has increased rapidly. The head and neck region is among the most common locations for cancer, with a substantial occurrence of lymph node involvement and metastases observed in both nearby and distant regions. 
  • 106
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapies for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus
Chronic subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source for longer than six months, may be a greatly debilitating condition for some people, and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities and high healthcare costs.
  • 141
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Otomycosis
Otomycosis (OM) is a superficial fungal infection of the external auditory canal (EAC) with a worldwide prevalence ranging from 9% to 30%. Commonly, otomycoses are caused by Aspergillus (A.) niger complex and Candida spp. Other causative agents are yeasts of the genera Cryptococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Geotrichum candidum, dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes), and non-dermatophytes molds (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Mucorales fungi). 
  • 288
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Histamine and Its Receptors in Mammalian Inner Ear
Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière’s disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
  • 239
  • 25 Aug 2023
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