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Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Head and Neck Surgery
EVs has spread from various medical fields to otorhinolaryngology, as well as head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS). 
  • 373
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Perilymph Sampling Advances Inner Ear Diagnostics
In the clinical setting, the pathophysiology of sensorineural hearing loss is poorly defined and there are currently no diagnostic tests available to differentiate between subtypes. This often leaves patients with generalized treatment options such as steroids, hearing aids, or cochlear implantation. The gold standard for localizing disease is direct biopsy or imaging of the affected tissue; however, the inaccessibility and fragility of the cochlea make these techniques difficult. Thus, the establishment of an indirect biopsy, a sampling of inner fluids, is needed to advance inner ear diagnostics and allow for the development of novel therapeutics for inner ear disease. A promising source is perilymph, an inner ear liquid that bathes multiple structures critical to sound transduction. Intraoperative perilymph sampling via the round window membrane of the cochlea has been successfully used to profile the proteome, metabolome, and transcriptome of the inner ear and is a potential source of biomarker discovery. Here, we discuss the various applications of human perilymph sampling and propose a design for a sampling needle.
  • 350
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and accounts for 0.5–4% of primary nasal tumors.
  • 338
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CO2 Laser Transoral Laryngeal Microsurgery
CO2 laser transoral laryngeal microsurgery (TLM) is the preferred option for the majority of small–medium size glottic and supraglottic cancers and may also be used for bigger tumors, especially in older patients.
  • 338
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Use of the Suppression Head Impulse Paradigm
he instrumental assessment of the vestibular system has made significant progress. Two protocol tests are available in the clinical practice to evaluate the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) function through the use of the video head impulse test (vHIT): the head impulse paradigm (HIMP) and the suppression head impulse paradigm (SHIMP). These tests can be used alone (in the case of HIMP) or in combination to test semicircular canal function and to determine the residual VOR gain and the visuo-vestibular interaction. The suppression head impulse paradigm (SHIMP) has a potential clinical application in patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy. The SHIMP could be a useful tool to diagnose a VOR alteration in patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibulopathy. Further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate if the new paradigm could replace the HIMP in both the acute and chronic phases of vestibulopathy.
  • 335
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Atypical Skull-Base Osteomyelitis
Atypical skull-base osteomyelitis is a rare but fatal disease that usually involves infection of the ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, or temporal bones that form the skull base. Unlike typical (so-called otogenic), atypical skull-base osteomyelitis has no otogenic cause. Instead, some authors call atypical skull-base osteomyelitis sinonasal, since the infection most often originates from the nose and paranasal sinuses. 
  • 336
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disease that affects 2% of men and 4% of women of middle age. It is a major health public problem because untreated OSAS could lead to cardiovascular, metabolic, and cerebrovascular complications.
  • 335
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vector-Borne Tularemia
Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by the highly invasive bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by vectors, such as ticks, mosquitos, and flies.
  • 333
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a well-studied phenomenon in embryology and occurs during the morphogenesis of organs. It is described as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) type I. The molecular procedure of EMT is also reprogrammed in the healing of wounds and the pathological fibrosis of organs, known as EMT type II. EMT III is the type that is implicated in tumor metastasis. While initially focusing on the abolishment of epithelial and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by the tumor cells, the idea behind EMT currently incorporates all the phenotypic and molecular characteristics that enable tumor cells to migrate, survive, and proliferate in distant tissues. In other words, it is a complete model of molecular processes signaled by specific factors called inducers. This model progresses via cross-linked molecular pathways, concluding with functional and structural modifications that make the carcinoma cells metastatic. These modifications are mediated by molecules known as the effectors of EMT.
  • 332
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein–Barr Virus
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV.
  • 329
  • 23 Mar 2022
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