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Topic Review
Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein–Barr Virus
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV.
  • 328
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Different Methods of Administering Medication to Olfactory Cleft
Olfactory dysfunction affects approximately 20% of the population globally, with incidence increasing over the age of 60. The pathophysiology is complex, not yet fully understood, and depends on many factors, including the underlying cause. Despite this, the present literature on olfaction is limited due to significant heterogeneity in methodological approaches. This has resulted in limited effective treatments available for olfactory dysfunction. Medications for olfactory dysfunction can be administered locally (directly to the olfactory epithelium) or systemically (orally or intravenously). There are various methods for local drug delivery to the olfactory epithelium (nasal drops, nasal sprays, atomisers, pressured meter-dosed inhalers, rinses, and exhalation delivery systems).
  • 149
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
DL Techniques and Imaging in Head and Neck
Deep learning (DL) systems utilize complex algorithms and neural networks featuring numerous intricate layers in order to make decisions and solve advanced problems. Their application in medicine, and specifically in otorhinolaryngology has increased rapidly. The head and neck region is among the most common locations for cancer, with a substantial occurrence of lymph node involvement and metastases observed in both nearby and distant regions. 
  • 106
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is a diagnostic tool to assess the upper airway of snorers and obstructive sleep apnea patients in conditions that mimic natural sleep.
  • 313
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
EBV-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBV-MCU) was classified as a rare new entity of the lymphoproliferative B-cell diseases by the WHO in 2017 and must be distinguished from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by early biopsy.
  • 397
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Enduring Controversy of Cervicogenic Vertigo
The idea of cervicogenic vertigo (CV) was proposed nearly a century ago, yet despite considerable scrutiny and research, little progress has been made in clarifying the underlying mechanism of the disease, developing a confirmatory diagnostic test, or devising an appropriately targeted treatment. Given the history of this idea, we offer a review geared towards understanding why so many attempts at clarifying it have failed, with specific comments regarding how CV fits into the broader landscape of positional vertigo syndromes, what a successful diagnostic test might require, and some practical advice on how to approach this in the absence of a diagnostic test.
  • 446
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a well-studied phenomenon in embryology and occurs during the morphogenesis of organs. It is described as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) type I. The molecular procedure of EMT is also reprogrammed in the healing of wounds and the pathological fibrosis of organs, known as EMT type II. EMT III is the type that is implicated in tumor metastasis. While initially focusing on the abolishment of epithelial and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by the tumor cells, the idea behind EMT currently incorporates all the phenotypic and molecular characteristics that enable tumor cells to migrate, survive, and proliferate in distant tissues. In other words, it is a complete model of molecular processes signaled by specific factors called inducers. This model progresses via cross-linked molecular pathways, concluding with functional and structural modifications that make the carcinoma cells metastatic. These modifications are mediated by molecules known as the effectors of EMT.
  • 327
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is considered the second most frequent malignant salivary gland neoplasm and exhibits a controversial and poorly understood biological behavior, characterized by slow and indolent growth. SACC typically arises from the submandibular gland and minor salivary glands, while its occurrence in the parotid gland is relatively rare. SACC has an incidence rate of approximately 4.5 cases per million individuals and constitutes 10% of all salivary gland tumors (SGTs). This type of cancer exhibits three distinct histological growth patterns, namely cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. Among these patterns, the solid pattern represents the most aggressive form of SACC with an increased risk of metastasis, resulting in shorter disease-specific survival.
  • 182
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Etiology of Pneumoparotid
Pneumoparotid describes retrogradely insufflated air within the Stensen’s duct and/or parotid gland. It is a rare condition with variable causative factors.  A literature search was conducted using electronic medical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Ovid, Google Scholar, SciElo, LILIACS, and others) from 1890 to 30 June 2022. One hundred and seventy patients (mean age; 28.4 years) from 126 studies were reviewed. Common symptoms included swelling (84.7%) and pain (35.9%). Characteristic findings were crepitus in the parotid region (40%) and frothy saliva from the orifice (39.4%). The common etiologies included abnormal habits such as blowing out the cheeks (23.5%), idiopathic (20%), self-induced (15.9%), playing wind instruments such as trumpets or flutes (8.8%), and diseases inducing coughing or sneezing (8.2%). The treatments included antibiotic therapy (30%), behavioral therapy to avoid continuing causative habits (25.9%), psychiatric therapy (8.2%), and surgical procedures (8.2%). Treatment should be individualized and etiology-based. However, the etiology was not identified in 20% of patients. Further detailed data from larger samples are required to clarify and improve the recognition of this entity.
  • 322
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles produced by most cell types into the extracellular space and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The role of EVs in various disease etiologies has been further studied and understood, most notably in the areas of cancer, infectious diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their rapidly emerging significance and interest, limited reports have investigated the role of EVs in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). EVs have the potential to serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers which can be collected non-invasively and as a possible method of delivering therapeutics to target cells and organs.
  • 219
  • 05 Jan 2023
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