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Topic Review
Nasolabial Angle in Orthodontic Diagnosis
The nasolabial angle (NLA) is one of the key factors to be studied in an orthodontic diagnosis for the aesthetics of the nose and facial profile.
  • 12.2K
  • 06 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Clavicular Malignancies
The clavicle, or collar bone, is a long (6 inches in adults), tubular, S-shaped bone that is subcutaneous throughout and can be considered “special” for several reasons. It is the first bone to ossify in the embryo, with its two first ossification centers developing between the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation. Malignant clavicular tumors present with local pain, a palpable firm mass or pathological bone fracture, or with the clinical symptoms of the primary tumor (in cases of metastasis).
  • 7.9K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Flavonoids
It has been reported that nutritional phytochemicals present in fruits, vegetables and cereals, such as flavonoid polyphenolic compounds, can improve bone mineral density by several mechanisms, in addition to having beneficial effects on bone homeostasis and health. In addition to their nutritional properties, flavonoids may have applicability in the manufacture of polymers and can be used as stabilizing agents for biopolyesters, such as polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), which have been widely used in tissue engineering for membranes and scaffolds.
  • 3.2K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Bone Tissues
Osseous tissue is a kind of hard connective tissue, which is also composed of cells, fibers and matrix. The fibers are bone glue fibers (the same as collagen fibers), and the matrix contains a large amount of solid inorganic salts.
  • 2.7K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fracture Healing in Healthy Bone
Fracture healing is a complex, multistage, coordinated process commencing autonomously in the bone fracture area. There are two principal histological types of bone healing: primary and secondary healing.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Myokines
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body and secretes circulating factors, including myokines, which are involved in various cellular signaling processes. Skeletal muscle is vital for metabolism and physiology and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Myokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions, serving as critical regulators of myogenic differentiation, fiber-type switching, and maintaining muscle mass. Myokines have profound effects on energy metabolism and inflammation, contributing to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic diseases. Myokines have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity, thereby improving glucose disposal and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Dual-Modular Stems for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
In primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), dual-modular stems were introduced to better restore hip stability, femoral offset, and leg length. This entry highlights the gathered knowledge about dual-modular stems and related complications in combinations with titanium (Ti) and cobalt-chrome (CoCr) exchangeable necks. The reasons for a modular neck failure are multifactorial. Some of the dual-modular stems are still on the market despite the fact th these designs have neither been proven for durability nor have shown any clinical benefits for the patients as compared to monolithic stems. Apart from very limited indications, orthopaedic surgeons should not use dual-modular stem designs for primary THA. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Applications of Microphysiological Systems in Biomedicine: Impact on Urologic and Orthopaedic Research
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are in vitro models that can incorporate dynamic stimuli such as flow, pressure and contraction in cell culture, enabling the formation of cellular architectures and retrieving physiological function often absent in conventional 2D-cell culture. MPS applications saw a substantial growth in recent years, drawing attention from industry as a strategy to optimize pre-clinical drug-development purposes, as well as from biomedical research, to fill a gap between in vivo and in vitro models. Several MPS platforms are now available and are employed in the development of bone and kidney complex systems for urologic and orthopaedic research. These advances have enabled, for example, the in vitro modelling of bone regeneration and renal drug secretion, and have dramatic potential to improve research into both orthopaedic and urology cancers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Coronal Shear Fractures of the Distal Humerus
Coronal shear fractures are partial or complete articular fractures of the distal humerus without involvement of the columns, which can affect the capitellum, the trochlea, or both.
  • 962
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pluripotent Stem Cell
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) such as embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced PSCs (iPSC) are originated from embryos and induced from adult tissue cells, respectively. PSCs are capable of proliferating almost indefinitely, and differentiating into all somatic cells, through processes that mimic early embryogenesis. The resulting cells tend to carry embryonic characteristics.
  • 955
  • 11 Oct 2021
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