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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence into Clinical Practice
Artificial intelligence has revolutionized the field of medicine and healthcare by providing innovative solutions to complex problems. One of the most important benefits of AI in clinical practice is its ability to investigate extensive volumes of data with efficiency and precision. This has led to the development of various applications that have improved patient outcomes and reduced the workload of healthcare professionals. AI can support doctors in making more accurate diagnoses and developing personalized treatment plans. 
  • 89
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dorzagliatin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
Achieving glycemic control and sustaining functional pancreatic β-cell activity remains an unmet medical need in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucokinase activators (GKAs) constitute a class of anti-diabetic drugs designed to regulate blood sugar levels and enhance β-cell function in patients with diabetes. A significant progression in GKA development is underway to address the limitations of earlier generations. Dorzagliatin, a dual-acting GKA, targets both the liver and pancreas and has successfully completed two phase III trials, demonstrating favorable results in diabetes treatment. 
  • 218
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Adult Patients
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels, which is implicated in various disorders, serving as a potential risk factor for serious complications.
  • 69
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hydrolyzable Tannins' (Castanea Sativa) Mechanism of Action
Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) deriving from chestnuts have demonstrated, through numerous studies, the ability to exert multiple beneficial effects, including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, on the lipid metabolism and cancer cells. The latter effect is very fascinating, since different polyphenols deriving from chestnuts were able to synergistically induce the inhibition of cancerous cells through multiple pathways. Moreover, the main mechanisms by which tannins induce antioxidant functions include: the reduction in oxidative stress, the ability to scavenge free radicals, and the modulation of specific enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase. 
  • 117
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and Physical Exercise
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
  • 153
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes and Postprandial Dysmetabolism
The postprandial state is known as the metabolic assessment period during and after a meal (6–12 h), which involves the digestion and absorption of nutrients, mainly fatty acids and carbohydrates from food. This state spans most of the day, more than 16 h, and is characterized by an increase in glycemia and lipidemia associated with systemic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is an essential component of innate (nonspecific) immunity and host defense, but a chronic systemic low-grade inflammatory state is also the basis of the metabolic syndrome.
  • 119
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carbohydrate Counting, Mixed Meals, and Food Glycemic-Index Management
Achieving optimal glucose control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) continues to pose a significant challenge. While continuous insulin infusion systems have shown promise as an alternative to conventional insulin therapy, there remains a crucial need for greater awareness regarding the necessary adaptations for various special circumstances. Nutritional choices play an essential role in the efficacy of diabetes management and overall health status for patients with T1DM. Factors such as effective carbohydrate counting, assessment of the macronutrient composition of meals, and comprehending the concept of the glycemic index of foods are paramount in making informed pre-meal adjustments when utilizing insulin pumps.
  • 116
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanistic Basis for Autophagy in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), or diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a common but severe complication in diabetic patients. The disorder mainly consists of persistent proteinuria with progressive worsening of renal function, and can ultimately cause irreversible kidney damage. Studies have provided new insights into the connection between autophagy, a physiological metabolic process known to maintain cellular homeostasis, and the pathophysiological pathways of DKD. Typically, autophagic activity plays a role in DKD progression mainly by promoting an inflammatory response to tissue damage, while both overactivated and downregulated autophagy worsen disease outcomes in different stages of DKD. 
  • 144
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
LAs in Pain, Inflammation, and Other Clinical Conditions
The use of low-dose local anesthetics in low concentrations for therapeutic, non-anesthetic purposes, known as neural therapy, has significantly transformed patient care by providing rapid, effective, long-lasting and safe relief of pain, inflammation and other clinical conditions while minimizing recovery time. 
  • 187
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sonosensitizers with Various Imaging Functions
With the rapid development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), sonosensitizers have evolved from traditional treatments to comprehensive diagnostics and therapies. Sonosensitizers play a crucial role in the integration of ultrasound imaging (USI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics while also playing a therapeutic role.
  • 84
  • 04 Dec 2023
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