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Topic Review
Physiopathology of Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes
People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, which remains the leading cause of death in this population. Despite the improved control of several classic risk factors, particularly better glycaemic control, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality continue to be significantly higher than in the general population.
  • 138
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common risk factor for severe COVID-19 and one that most increases the risk of COVID-19-related death. Moreover, CKD increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and COVID-19 patients with AKI are at an increased risk of death.
  • 129
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Telemedicine in Glycemic Control in Diabetes during COVID-19
Telemedicine can be an effective tool for managing chronic diseases. The disruption in traditional diabetes care resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic led to global interest in telemedicine. 
  • 127
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Coffee and Microbiota
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, which has important repercussions on the health of the individual, mainly because of certain compounds it contains. Coffee consumption exerts significant influences on the entire body, including the gastrointestinal tract, where a central role is played by the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota is implicated in the occurrence of numerous diseases, and knowledge of the microbiota has proven to be of fundamental importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
  • 122
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease caused by a genetic alteration of the SERPING1 gene and characterized by recurrent attacks of angioedema that involve the skin, and the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract and upper airways, which significantly affect the quality of life of patients. 
  • 120
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) or hepatic adenoma is defined as a benign liver lesion, seen in patients with excessive exposure to estrogen (the higher the dose of estrogen therapy, the higher the risk of HCA), genetic and metabolic syndromes or who have undergone anabolic androgen therapy. It is known that the estrobolome plays an important role in the human endocrine system; specifically relevant in the metabolization of estrogen are bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes.
  • 119
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Adult Patients
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) levels, which is implicated in various disorders, serving as a potential risk factor for serious complications.
  • 118
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Primary Aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism (PA), a significant and curable cause of secondary hypertension, is seen in 5–10% of hypertensive patients, with its prevalence contingent upon the severity of the hypertension. The principal aetiologies of PA include bilateral idiopathic hypertrophy (BIH) and aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs), while the less frequent causes include unilateral hyperplasia, familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) types I-IV, aldosterone-producing carcinoma, and ectopic aldosterone synthesis. This condition, characterised by excessive aldosterone secretion, leads to augmented sodium and water reabsorption alongside potassium loss, culminating in distinct clinical hallmarks: elevated aldosterone levels, suppressed renin levels, and hypertension. Notably, hypokalaemia is present in only 28% of patients with PA and is not a primary indicator. The association of PA with an escalated cardiovascular risk profile, independent of blood pressure levels, is notable. Patients with PA exhibit a heightened incidence of cardiovascular events compared to counterparts with essential hypertension, matched for age, sex, and blood pressure levels.
  • 118
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sonosensitizers with Various Imaging Functions
With the rapid development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), sonosensitizers have evolved from traditional treatments to comprehensive diagnostics and therapies. Sonosensitizers play a crucial role in the integration of ultrasound imaging (USI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics while also playing a therapeutic role.
  • 117
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
GLP-1 and DPP-4  Applied Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder defined as carbohydrate intolerance that manifests during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. To prevent them, it is important to keep glucose levels under control. As much as 15–30% of GDM patients will require treatment with insulin, metformin, or glyburide. With that in mind, it is crucial to keep searching for novel and improved pharmacotherapies. Nowadays, there are ongoing studies investigating the use of other groups of drugs that have proven successful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor are among the drugs targeting the incretin system and are currently receiving significant attention. GLP-1 is a peptide that is produced through the proteolysis of proglucagon, a protein expressed in L cells in the intestinal mucosa, α cells of the pancreas, as well as in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. GLP-1 has access to a specific GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that is expressed in a wide range of target tissues. It is secreted mainly after the ingestion of glucose, lipids, or mixed meals, and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at physiological plasma concentrations, which meets all the criteria for an incretin hormone.
  • 114
  • 25 Sep 2023
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