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Topic Review
Pediatric Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the anogenital region, which may present in a prepubertal or adolescent patient. The most popular theories are its autoimmune and genetic conditioning, although theories concerning hormonal and infectious etiology have also been raised. The most common presenting symptoms of VLS is vulva pruritus, discomfort, dysuria and constipation. The lesions initially are white, flat-topped papules, thin plaques, or commonly atrophic patches. Purpura is a hallmark feature of VLS. The treatment includes topical anti-inflammatory agents and long-term follow-up, as there is a high risk of recurrence and an increased risk of vulvar cancer in adult women with a history of lichen sclerosus.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Properties of Naringenin
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and is associated with personal health and global economic burdens. Current strategies/approaches of insulin resistance and T2DM prevention and treatment are lacking in efficacy resulting in the need for new preventative and targeted therapies. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in vegetables and fruits are associated with health benefits including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Naringenin, a citrus flavanone, has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties.
  • 663
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HRCT of Drug-Induced ILD
Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs) represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies, which may be related to different causes. A low percentage of these lung diseases may be secondary to the administration of drugs or substances. Several different high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns related to pulmonary drug toxicity have been reported in literature, and the most frequent ILDs patterns reported include Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP), Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP), Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP), Organizing Pneumonia (OP), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD). 
  • 931
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging
Identifying patients at increased risk of coronary artery disease, before the atherosclerotic complications become clinically evident, is the aim of cardiovascular prevention. Imaging techniques provide direct assessment of coronary atherosclerotic burden and pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions which may predict the progression of disease. Atherosclerosis imaging has been traditionally based on the evaluation of coronary luminal narrowing and stenosis. However, the degree of arterial obstruction is a poor predictor of subsequent acute events. More recent techniques focus on the high-resolution visualization of the arterial wall and the coronary plaques. Most acute coronary events are triggered by plaque rupture or erosion. Hence, atherosclerotic plaque imaging has generally focused on the detection of vulnerable plaque prone to rupture. 
  • 488
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Bone Regeneration
The natural polyphenol Resveratrol (RSV) claims numerous positive effects on health due to the well documented biological effects demonstrating its potential as a disease-preventing agent and as adjuvant for treatment of a wide variety of chronic diseases. Since several studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have highlighted the protective bone aptitude of RSV both as promoter of osteoblasts’ proliferation and antagonist of osteoclasts’ differentiation, they could be interesting in view of applications in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.
  • 435
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The P2X7R and Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes is a worldwide emergency. Its chronic complications impose a heavy burden on patients, health systems, and on society as a whole. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common and serious complications of diabetes, and an established risk factor for blindness in adults. Over 15 years of investigation led to the identification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a main pathogenic factor in diabetic retinopathy and to the introduction of highly effective anti-VEGF-based therapies, such as the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab or its fragment ranibizumab, which helped to prevent diabetes-related blindness in millions of patients. Recently, a pathogenic role for uncontrolled increases in the extracellular ATP concentration (eATP) and for overactivation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) has been suggested. The P2X7R is an eATP-gated plasma membrane channel expressed in multiple tissues and organs, with a pleiotropic function in inflammation, immunity, cancer, and hormone and growth factor release. P2X7R stimulation or overexpression positively regulate the secretion and buildup of VEGF, thus promoting neo-angiogenesis in a wide variety of disease processes.
  • 433
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis Gene Therapy
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory joint disease affecting about 1% of the population worldwide. Current treatment approaches do not ensure a cure for every patient. Moreover, classical regimens are based on nontargeted systemic immune suppression and have significant side effects. Biological treatment has advanced considerably but efficacy and specificity issues remain. Gene therapy is one of the potential future directions for RA therapy, which is rapidly developing. Several gene therapy trials done so far have been of moderate success, but experimental and genetics studies have yielded novel targets. As a result, the arsenal of gene therapy tools keeps growing. Currently, both viral and nonviral delivery systems are used for RA therapy.
  • 586
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis in Menopause
Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease characterized by the ectopic presence of endometrial tissue, has been the topic of renewed research and debate in recent years. The paradigm shift from the belief that endometriosis only affects women of reproductive age has drawn attention to endometriosis in both premenarchal and postmenopausal patients. There is still scarce information in literature regarding postmenopausal endometriosis, the mostly studied and reported being the prevalence in postmenopausal women. Yet, other important issues also need to be addressed concerning diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management.
  • 621
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bowel Ultrasound
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, progressive, and disabling conditions, characterized by a relapsing and remitting behavior and long-term complications (i.e., colo-rectal cancer and demolitive surgery). Dedicated physicians are becoming confident with the ”treat-to-target” strategy in the management of IBD, aiming to prevent end-organ dysfunction. For years, symptom control has been the primary therapeutic goal of IBD patients.
  • 519
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Calcium in Wound Healing
Calcium is a critical coagulation factor during hemostasis and a key signaling molecule for a variety of signaling pathways that regulate angiogenesis. In addition, the calcium ion has also been shown to act as a fundamental cue, directing the cellular functions of different types of cells during wound healing. Calcium plays a vital role as the extracellular signaling molecule and intracellular second messenger for keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Jul 2021
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