Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Kinesio Taping for Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability
Ankle injuries are the most common type of injury in healthy active individuals. If not treated properly, recurrent sprains can lead to a condition of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the process caused by repetitive ankle sprains and multiple episodes of the ankle “giving way” with persistent symptoms. It mainly affects the sports population and is related to multiple inversion injuries.
  • 349
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and the Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached epidemic proportions and this is likely due to alterations in diet and the environment as well as decreased physical activity.
  • 347
  • 30 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis (GIOP)
In a physiological state, glucocorticoids stimulate mature osteoblasts to produce Wnt proteins functioning as signaling molecules, causing a Wnt/β-catenin cascade to be activated. This signaling cascade affects mesenchymal progenitor cells, and has a positive effect on their differentiation into osteoblasts instead of chondrocytes or adipocytes. Glucocorticoids are the most widely used anti-inflammatory drug around the world. Despite their excellent effect in managing many acute inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders, the usage of glucocorticoids has been limited due to substantial adverse effects. One of the most well-known side effects is osteoporosis, which further induces bone fracture and other musculoskeletal problems.
  • 346
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dorzagliatin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
Achieving glycemic control and sustaining functional pancreatic β-cell activity remains an unmet medical need in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucokinase activators (GKAs) constitute a class of anti-diabetic drugs designed to regulate blood sugar levels and enhance β-cell function in patients with diabetes. A significant progression in GKA development is underway to address the limitations of earlier generations. Dorzagliatin, a dual-acting GKA, targets both the liver and pancreas and has successfully completed two phase III trials, demonstrating favorable results in diabetes treatment. 
  • 348
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated forms of free amino acids that lead to abnormal crosslinking of extra-cellular and intracellular proteins by disrupting the normal structure. Furthermore, the interaction of AGEs and their receptors induces several pathways by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. 
  • 345
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ivacaftor Treatment in Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare, progressive, multi-organ genetic disease. CF results from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which lead to defective transport of chloride and sodium ions across the epithelial cell membrane of multiple organs, including the lungs, pancreas, gallbladder, intestine, and reproductive system. The recently developed CFTR modulators treat the underlying cause of CF. Ivacaftor (Kalydeco®, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Boston, MA, USA), a small-molecule CFTR modulator, was the first approved CFTR modulator. Although clinical trials have provided valuable evidence on the safety and efficacy of ivacaftor, it is important that real-world outcomes in routine clinical practice are understood. Here, we systematically reviewed data from real-world observational studies of ivacaftor treatment in people with CF.
  • 341
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Primary Localized Cutaneous Nodular Amyloidosis and Sjögren’s Syndrome
Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis (PLCNA) is a rare condition attributed to plasma cell proliferation and the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in the skin without association with systemic amyloidosis or hematological dyscrasias. It is not uncommon for patients diagnosed with PLCNA to also suffer from other auto-immune connective tissue diseases, with Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) showing the strongest association. 
  • 341
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Microbiota
Microbiome studies have already demonstrated unique microbial patterns in systemic autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Dysbiosis also seems to be associated with allergies, in particular asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy.
  • 336
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Redox Signaling Modulates Activity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Although immunotherapy is already a staple of cancer care, many patients may not benefit from these cutting-edge treatments. A crucial field of research now focuses on figuring out how to improve treatment efficacy and assess the resistance mechanisms underlying this uneven response. For a good response, immune-based treatments, in particular immune checkpoint inhibitors, rely on a strong infiltration of T cells into the tumour microenvironment. The severe metabolic environment that immune cells must endure can drastically reduce effector activity. These immune dysregulation-related tumour-mediated perturbations include oxidative stress, which can encourage lipid peroxidation, ER stress, and T regulatory cells dysfunction.
  • 334
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Intravenous Moderate and Deep Sedation
Successful pharmacological innovations that have made a difference in daily practice are rare in the world of anesthesia and sedation. After many years of research, it seems that we finally have two new drug innovations that are likely to change the paradigm of moderate and deep sedation. These are oliceridine and remimazolam. Both have been in development for over a decade. Oliceridine was synthesized in a lab as an entirely new molecule. It is a biased μ- receptor agonist that acts preferentially on the G-protein pathway (which is responsible for analgesia). At least in lower doses, it has minimal effect on the beta-arrestin pathway, which is responsible for unwanted effects of μ-opioid receptor activation such as respiratory depression and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Like any other μ- receptor agonist, it produces appropriate dose-dependent analgesia. Remimazolam is structurally similar to midazolam; however, it has an additional ester linkage that delivers the kinetics of remifentanil. As a result, while pharmacodynamically identical to midazolam, remimazolam is metabolized by ester hydrolysis and subsequently its elimination is rapid and predictable.
  • 333
  • 01 Jul 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback