Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Use of Biofuels and (Bio)lubricants in Compression-Ignition Engines
The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as “ternary blends”) is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The technical challenges and the main research pathways are presented herein.
  • 118
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Use of Biochar Particles for Asphalts
Char/biochar particles could be considered as a new kind of sustainable particle created from their “waste” feedstocks. Specifically, when also considering the circular principles, the conversion of polymer waste, food waste, and biomasses, through thermal treatment at high temperatures, gives an appropriate second life for these waste materials. The char/biochar particles, being particles mainly composed of carbon atoms and having a large surface, are very useful to formulate composites with improved mechanical resistance, i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength, as well as improved oxidative and photooxidative resistance, while also considering the particles’ radicals scavenging abilities in comparison to the properties of neat matrices. 
  • 311
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Types of Solution Cocrystallization
Solution crystallization has been used in both batch and continuous modes for industrial crystallization for several decades. Solution cocrystallization is often used on a laboratory scale due to its familiarity, simple design, ease of operation, process monitoring, and control. Solvent selection and the mode of supersaturation generation are the two factors that are crucial at the early stages of solution crystallization. For cocrystallization, the solubility of coformers in a given solvent is key factor in solvent selection. Additionally, other operational parameters such as the crystallizer design, mode of agitation, cooling rate/antisolvent addition rate, seeding, or nucleation control can impact final crystal properties such as shape, size, and desired polymorphic.
  • 312
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Trends of Current LNG Cold Energy Utilization
Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a clean primary energy source that is growing in popularity due to the distance between natural gas (NG)-producing countries and importing countries. The large amount of cold energy stored in LNG presents an opportunity for sustainable technologies to recover and utilize this energy. This can enhance the energy efficiency of LNG regasification terminals and the economic viability of the LNG supply chain. The energy stored in LNG in the form of low temperatures is referred to as cold energy. When LNG is regasified, or converted back into its gaseous form, this cold energy is released. This process involves heating the LNG, which causes it to vaporize and release its stored energy. LNG cold energy has been mostly utilized for power generation, air separation, traditional desalination, and cryogenics carbon dioxide capture. Other potential applications are also emerging such as for data center cooling and cold energy storage. The commercialization of sustainable technologies, such as improvement strategies for LNG cold energy utilization, is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Top-Down Polyelectrolytes for Membrane-Based Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
Modern definition of polyelectrolytes (PEs) according to various sources describes them as polymer chains with charged monomer units that can dissolve into a charged macroion and small counterions upon the PE dissolution in a polar solvent. The PEs properties can be ascribed to three major categories: origin, matrix, and charge. The PEs origin associates with the source of the raw polymer precursor, where the molecules such as proteins, cellulose, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) represent the natural PEs. Opposed, with the development of chemical synthesis and especially polymeric chemistry a large field of synthetic polyelectrolytes have emerged to accommodate the needs of petrochemical, pharmaceutical, water recovery, and other industries. These synthetic routes may roughly be distinguished as ‘bottom-up’ by monomer polymerisation and ‘top-down’ by post-synthetic modification of neutral polymers.
  • 665
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tomato Processing By-Product Valorization
The tomato processing industry can be considered one of the most widespread food manufacturing industries all over the world, annually generating considerable quantities of residue and determining disposal issues associated not only with the wasting of invaluable resources but also with the rise of significant environmental burdens.
  • 615
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering(TE)
Tissue engineering (TE) was initially designed to tackle clinical organ shortage problems. Although some engineered tissues have been successfully used for non-clinical applications, very few (e.g., reconstructed human skin) have been used for clinical purposes. As the current TE approach has not achieved much success regarding more broad and general clinical applications, organ shortage still remains a challenging issue. This very limited clinical application of TE can be attributed to the constraints in manufacturing fully functional tissues via the traditional top–down approach, where very limited cell types are seeded and cultured in scaffolds with equivalent sizes and morphologies as the target tissues. The newly proposed developmental engineering (DE) strategy towards the manufacture of fully functional tissues utilises a bottom–up approach to mimic developmental biology processes by implementing gradual tissue assembly alongside the growth of multiple cell types in modular scaffolds. This approach may overcome the constraints of the traditional top–down strategy as it can imitate in vivo-like tissue development processes. 
  • 532
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Thin Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis Membranes
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. 
  • 332
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thermal properties and applications of nanofluids
The nanofluids (NFs) are known as a colloidal suspension where nanoparticles (NPs) are dispersed in conventional base fluids (BFs). This suspension has been frequently used to improve the heat transfer (HT) capacity of a fluid by studying their thermophysical properties. The NFs thermal properties and their applications are being used in different fields of engineering, ranging from machining to renewable energies. In machining, NFs play a prominent role in the processes of turning, milling, drilling, and grinding, being responsible for their optimization as well as improving the useful life of the tools and reducing costs. In the solar energy field, NFs have been used in the thermal management of the panels, controlling and homogenizing the operating temperature of these systems. In the biomedical area, the advantages of using NFs come from the treatment of cancer cells, the development of vaccines before the improvement of diagnostic imaging, and many others.
  • 645
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Infusion of Gamification in Promoting Chemical Engineering Laboratory Classes
Active learning strategies are increasingly implemented in chemical engineering education, yet challenges persist in stimulating student participation and motivation. The rigorous demands placed on students in this field, from complex practical requirements to extensive programming and computational skills, underscore the need for innovative educational tools. Gamification emerges as a pivotal instrument in this context, fostering active student engagement, enhancing practical application of knowledge, increasing motivation, and providing a more precise assessment of student comprehension. These educational games serve as a powerful adjunct to traditional teaching strategies, equipping students with necessary skills for their future careers in the field. These games include laboratory course games, process simulators, games used in foundational courses, and those centered around reaction kinetics. This entry primarily investigates the various games employed to bolster student learning during chemical engineering laboratory courses. A thorough analysis is conducted on the survey of existing games used specifically in chemical engineering labs. The gamut of games discussed includes escape games, along with Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) games, all aiming to enhance laboratory experiences in areas such as fluid mechanics, organic reactions, and process control. This entry concludes by examining the prospective trajectory of gamification in chemical engineering labs, offering insights into future potential and advancements in this innovative educational approach.
  • 586
  • 05 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 24
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback