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Topic Review
Factors Affecting Economic Benefits of Organic-Rich Shale Conversion
On the basis of the verification of various laboratory simulations and field pilot production, academic and industrial circles have agreed on the technical feasibility of shale-oil exploitation after organic-rich shale in situ conversion. However, the kerogen cracking process is an endothermic reaction that needs to consume a certain amount of energy. In addition, during the heating process, inorganic minerals and water in the shale are heated synchronously and consume a significant amount of heat energy. Meanwhile, due to the long heating time, much of the heat energy of shale is also dissipated into the surrounding rock through heat conduction. In addition to the high heating costs, the required equipment for in situ conversion is more expensive. Therefore, many experts and companies are concerned about the economic feasibility of in situ conversion. The economic feasibility of oil shale in situ conversion depends on whether the energy consumption ratio (value of produced oil and gas products/(heating energy consumption cost + engineering costs)) is higher than 1. Only when the value of the produced petroleum products is significantly greater than the cost of heating energy consumption can it be expected to realize economic benefits through large-scale commercial development, the dilution of engineering, and other costs. Therefore, improving the ratio of the value of oil and gas products to the cost of heating energy consumption is very important.
  • 270
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Potential Alternative Resources for Rare Earth Elements
Seventeen elements in the periodic table including fifteen lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and Sc, as well as Y are often collectively referred to as rare earth elements (REE). The depleting REE ores and increasing mining costs are prompting us to consider alternative sources for these valuable metals, particularly from waste streams. Although REE concentrations in most of the alternative resources are lower than current REE ores, some sources including marine sediments, coal ash, and industrial wastes, such as red mud, are emerging as promising with significant concentrations of REE.
  • 391
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms in the Nucleation of Carbonates
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an important process in the synthesis of carbonate minerals, and thus, it is widely explored as a novel approach with potential for many technological applications. The processes and mechanisms involved in carbonate mineral formation in the presence of microbes are not yet fully understood. This research covers the current knowledge regarding the role of microbial cells and metabolic products (e.g., extracellular polymeric substances, proteins and amino acids) on the adsorption of divalent metals, adsorption of ionic species and as templates for crystal nucleation. Moreover, they can play a role in the mineral precipitation, size, morphology and lattice. By understanding how microbes and their metabolic products promote suitable physicochemical conditions (pH, Mg/Ca ratio and free carbonate ions) to induce carbonate nucleation and precipitation, the manipulation of the final mineral precipitates could be a reality for (geo)biotechnological approaches. The applications and implications of biogenic carbonates in areas such as geology and engineering are presented and discussed in this research, with a major focus on biotechnology.
  • 549
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Appications of Natural Clinoptilolites Based on Ion Exchange
There are many natural zeolites, of which a small number, including clinoptilolite, chabazite, mordenite, erionite, ferrierite, and phillipsite offer the greatest promise for industrial applications. Natural clinoptilolites have been the subject for different modifications in order to improve their use potentialities, where the ion exchange property has been a key role for their different applications. Application of ion exchange to modify clinoptilolites, cation selection, mono- and polycationic exchange to create new functional materials for specific applications are key issues.
  • 583
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Grove Mountains CM-Type Chondrites
CM chondrite is the most important carbonaceous chondrite containing abundant Ca, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and other interesting objects, which probably experienced early condensation processes in the Solar Nebula environment and later alteration in parent body surroundings. Thus, it is a vital raw material to explore in the formation and evolution of the early Solar System. Grove Mountains (GRV) CM chondrites have been collected from Antarctica by Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CARE) for nearly 20 years.
  • 438
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Platinum Group Elements Geochemistry and Mineralogy
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os) are known as the platinum group elements (PGE). These metals are characterized by peculiar physical and chemical properties, such as high melting points, resistance to oxidation and corrosion, strong conductivity and ductility. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals C (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter C. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 681
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals A (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter A. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 4.0K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals F (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter F. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coal Fly Ash Production, Utilization in India
Coal fly ash (CFA) is one of the most burning issues in the whole world due to its large amount of production in thermal power plants. Every year a million tons (MTs) of CFA are generated globally of which almost half is utilized in various forms, while the remaining half remains unused, leading to various types of pollution.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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