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Topic Review
Chitosan in Fish Biotechnology
Chitosan is increasingly used for safe drug and nucleic acid delivery due to well-known properties such as bioadhesion, low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, chitosan derivatization can be easily performed to improve solubility and stability of chitosan-nucleic acid polyplexes, and enhance efficient target cell drug delivery, cell uptake, intracellular endosomal escape, unpacking and nuclear import of expression plasmids. This review focus attention on recent advances in chitosan-mediated gene delivery for fish biotechnology applications such as fish vaccination against bacterial and viral infection, control of gonadal development, and gene overexpression and silencing for overcoming metabolic limitations such as dependence on protein-rich diets and low glucose tolerance of farmed fish.
  • 2.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PIL-Based SPEs
Poly(ionic liquide)s (PILs) can be used as solid polymer electrolytes because they have high thermal and electrochemical stabilities. This review is focused on the influence of macromolecular architecture on the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of PILs based electrolytes. Imidazolium based PILs are discussed as an example in the review. It is found that the electrolytes with a network structure exhibit better ionic conductivity and mechanical strength.
  • 762
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ultrasonic Welding
The ultrasonic welding (UW) technique is an ultra-fast joining process used to join thermoplastics, metals and thermoplastic polymer matrix composites.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Polyelectrolyte
Polyelectrolytes are polymers of oppositely charged ions and their properties differ profoundly than their repeating units. Over recent years, much advancement has been made in the synthesis, characterization, and application of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). It has many applications as flocculation agents, dispersant agents, and as super-plasticizers. In this article, the synthesis, types, characteristics, and application of PECs mainly for drug delivery and dynamics study are reviewed.
  • 6.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Covalent Adaptable Networks
Thermosets are known to be very reliable polymeric materials for high-performance and light-weight applications, due to their retained dimensional stability, chemical inertia and rigidity over a broad range of temperatures. However, once fully cured, they cannot be easily reshaped or reprocessed, thus leaving still unsolved the issues of recycling and the lack of technological flexibility. Vitrimers, introduced by Leibler et al. in 2011, are a valiant step in the direction of bridging the chasm between thermoplastics and thermosets. Owing to their dynamic covalent networks, they can retain mechanical stability and solvent resistance, but can also flow on demand upon heating. More generally, the family of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) is gleaming with astounding potential, thanks to the huge variety of chemistries that may enable bond exchange. Arising from this signature feature, intriguing properties such as self-healing, recyclability and weldability may expand the horizons for thermosets in terms of improved life-span, sustainability and overall enhanced functionality and versatility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the most promising studies featuring CANs and vitrimers specifically, with particular regard for their industrial applications. Investigations into composites and sustainable vitrimers from epoxy-based and elastomeric networks are covered in detail.
  • 3.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Shape-Memory Polymeric Artificial Muscles
Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are intelligent materials capable of sensing an external stimulus and entering a transient state according to a stimulus-response, and finally recovering to the initial state through a recovery process, known as the shape memory effect. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors are electrical devices for fast storage and release of electric energy utilizing charge accumulation in the electrochemical double layer. In terms of volumetric and gravimetric capacities they exceed conventional dielectric and electrolytic capacitors by several orders of magnitude. However, the low energy density of supercapacitors has seriously limited their wider application in many fields. Increase of energy density highly depends on development of a new generation of advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chitosan-based Flame-Retardant Systems
During the last decade, the utilization of chitin, and in particular its deacetylated form, i.e. chitosan, for flame retardant purposes, has represented quite a novel and interesting application, very far from the established uses of this bio-sourced material. In this entry, chitosan is a carbon source that can be successfully exploited, often in combination with intumescent products, in order to provide different polymer systems (namely, bulky materials, fabrics and foams) with high flame retardant (FR) features. Besides, this specific use of chitosan in flame retardance is well suited to a green and sustainable approach.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glass–fibre–reinforced Polymer
Wind barrier structures are usually installed on railway bridges to reduce wind effects on travelling trains for safety considerations. This however adversely transfers wind loads and causes associated aerodynamic effects to the bridge. An innovative concept of wind barriers using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites is proposed in this work with experimental investigations and numerical modelling. This work provides a solution to mitigate the wind and associated aerodynamic loads. With an appropriate design of bending stiffness, the proposed barriers may deform adaptively in strong wind scenarios and let the wind to pass through their deformed shape and therefore transfer less load to the bridge. Wind-tunnel experiments and numerical studies are conducted on the aerodynamic responses of the train-barrier-bridge system under crosswind with various speeds. The influences of barrier height, air-flow speed and location of the train on the aerodynamic responses of the system were clarified. Both reduced-scale and full-scale finite element models were established for the train-barrier-bridge system and the results were validated with the experimental results to further support the research findings.
  • 602
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Conducting Polymers
Conducting polymers are an important class of functional materials that has been widely applied to fabricate electrochemical biosensors, because of their interesting and tunable chemical, electrical, and structural properties. Conducting polymers can also be designed through chemical grafting of functional groups, nanostructured, or associated with other functional materials such as nanoparticles to provide tremendous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the biosensor’s response to a variety of bioanalytes. Such biosensors are expected to play a growing and significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring since they have advantages including their low cost and low detection limit.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Oct 2020
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