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Topic Review
Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC)—widely present in modern and contemporary art collections as objects, clothing and footwear, furniture and upholstery, and housewares and toys—is known to deteriorate very rapidly in museum collections. The tendency of colorless p-PVC-based objects to yellowing-browning in combination with stickiness and cracking are the main issues of this important plastic material, which require the attention of conservation scientists in cooperation with conservators, engineers, curators, and art historians.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Polymeric Surfactants
Polymeric surfactants are surfactant molecules that have a polymeric backbone, which can be made up of various repeating units. These surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, which allows them to interact with both water and oil. Polymeric surfactants are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of paints, adhesives, and coatings. They can improve the stability and performance of these products by reducing the surface tension and promoting the dispersion of pigments and fillers. In addition, polymeric surfactants are also used in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. They can help to improve the texture and feel of these products, as well as enhance their cleaning and conditioning properties. One of the key advantages of polymeric surfactants is their ability to form stable micelles in solution. These micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form a spherical structure with the hydrophobic segments on the inside and the hydrophilic segments on the outside. This allows for efficient emulsification of oil and water, which is important in a variety of industrial processes. Polymeric surfactants are a versatile class of surfactants that offer several unique properties and advantages in various applications. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickening agents, and have potential applications in areas such as agriculture, oil and gas, and papermaking. Polymeric surfactants are a diverse class of surfactants that can be classified based on their composition, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. They offer a range of unique properties and advantages in various applications, including cosmetics, food and beverage products, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Functional Polymer Materials for Energy Applications
This entry provides insight into the recent energy applications of polymers.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polyetheretherketone
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an aromatic, semi-crystalline linear thermoplastic polymer.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lignin-Based Resins
By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin-based resins have attracted attention due to their low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This content highlights the recent use of lignin-based resins with natural fiber composites for high-performance applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose-Based Polymers in Additive Manufacturing
The materials for additive manufacturing (AM) technology have grown substantially over the last few years to fulfill industrial needs. Despite that, the use of bio-based composites for improved mechanical properties and biodegradation is still not fully explored. This limits the universal expansion of AM-fabricated products due to the incompatibility of the products made from petroleum-derived resources. The development of naturally-derived polymers for AM materials is promising with the increasing number of studies in recent years owing to their biodegradation and biocompatibility. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer that possesses many favorable properties to be incorporated into AM materials, which have been continuously focused on in recent years. This critical review discusses the development of AM technologies and materials, cellulose-based polymers, cellulose-based three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments, liquid deposition modeling of cellulose, and four-dimensional (4D) printing of cellulose-based materials. Cellulose-based AM material applications and the limitations with future developments are also reviewed.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Polyurethanes in Biomedicine
Due to their mechanical properties, ranging from flexible to hard materials, polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in many industrial and biomedical applications. PU characteristics, along with their biocompatibility, make them successful biomaterials in short and medium time applications.  The most important biomedical applications of PUs include antibacterial surfaces and catheters, blood oxygenators, dialysis devices, stents, cardiac valves, vascular prostheses, bioadhesives/surgical dressings/pressure sensitive adhesives, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds and electrospinning, nerve generation, pacemaker lead insulation and coatings for breast implants. The diversity of polyurethane properties due to the ease of bulk and surface modification plays a vital role in their applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Terpenes and Terpenoids for Bioplastics
This entry describes the most common types of bioplastics and biopolymers, and focuses specifically on the polymerization of terpenes and terpenoids, which represent a source of promising monomers to create bio-based polymers and copolymers.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Biopolymer
Biopolymers are polymers being synthesized by living organisms with the help of enzymes that connects the building blocks like sugars, hydroxyl fatty acids, and amino acids to produce molecules with high molecular weight.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Conducting Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA is a lightweight insulating material that is known for its high Young's Modulus and good optical transmittance properties. Benefiting from these properties, there are recently vast interests to produce conducting PMMA for various applications including electronics, corrosion protective coatings,  diodes, sensors, and many more. Conducting PMMA is possible to produce by incorporating conducting polymers such as  polyaniline (PANi) by physical blending method or by co-polymerization technique. PANi has been the main choice to incorporate with PMMA due to its good conductivity, better environmental stability, and good redox reversibility. In addition, the limitations of PANi include poor adhesion, low mechanical stability and, limited solubility in most organic solvents can be surpassed by blending or co-polymerizing with thermoplastics such as PMMA.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Jun 2021
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