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Topic Review
Al-Hamed Equation in Modern Dynamics
This article discusses the Al-Hamed Equation, a unified mathematical framework for motion modeling with friction, and explores its potential applications in various engineering fields, such as robotics, spacecraft, and medical devices. The article provides an overview of the historical development of friction models, including the Coulomb model and Dahl model, and explains in detail the derivation of the Al-Hamed Equation and its stability analysis using Lyapunov theory. The article also evaluates the equation's performance in various applications and discusses its potential challenges and future research prospects. By providing a comprehensive insight into the Al-Hamed Equation, the article aims to shed light on the importance of this mathematical framework in improving the performance of smart mechanical systems.
  • 17
  • 21 Apr 2025
Topic Review
April 18: Albert Einstein Passed Away
On April 18, 1955, the world lost one of its greatest intellectual giants. Albert Einstein, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist whose theories reshaped modern science, passed away in Princeton, New Jersey, at the age of 76. His death marked not only the conclusion of an extraordinary life but also a turning point in 20th-century scientific history. Though his voice was silenced, his ideas continue to resonate through the cosmos.
  • 78
  • 17 Apr 2025
Topic Review
April 17: Apollo 13 Returns Safely
Apollo 13 was a 1970 NASA Moon mission that turned into a survival crisis after an oxygen tank explosion. The crew, aided by Mission Control, used the Lunar Module as a lifeboat and improvised fixes to return safely. Though the Moon landing was canceled, the mission became a landmark example of problem-solving under pressure.
  • 49
  • 17 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Al-Hamed Equation in Nuclear Fusion Energy
The Al-Hamed Equation is a novel formulation in nuclear physics that refines the calculation of energy released during nuclear fusion reactions by explicitly incorporating the mass of all secondary particles produced. This contrasts with traditional models, which primarily consider the mass difference between initial and final nuclei, leading to more accurate energy predictions, crucial for optimizing fusion reactor design and ensuring operational safety.
  • 49
  • 16 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation: Integrating Energy
This research introduces a new theoretical framework in nuclear physics, referred to as the Al-Hamed Electro-Nuclear Equation, which integrates electric input energy with nuclear mass-energy interactions. Unlike conventional models that consider nuclear energy as solely a function of mass difference, the Al-Hamed model incorporates the energy contribution from electric potentials and includes the cumulative mass of all particles resulting from the nuclear reaction. The proposed equation: E = [(Q × V) + (Δm - S) × c²] accounts for both electrical energy (via charge and voltage) and mass-energy transformations (considering secondary nuclear products such as neutrons, mesons, or photons). This dual approach provides a more comprehensive description of electro-nuclear interactions, especially in scenarios involving controlled fusion or electro-stimulated decay. The paper presents a comparative analysis with traditional equations, applies the model to practical scenarios, and discusses its implications for advanced reactor designs and high-efficiency energy systems.
  • 43
  • 11 Apr 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Quantum-Inspired Statistical Frameworks: Enhancing Traditional Methods with Quantum Principles
Nation branding refers to the strategic management of a country’s image to ensure that it is a fair, balanced, and useful reflection of the country itself. A strong nation brand is fundamental to its diplomacy, economy, and the well-being of its inhabitants, among other elements. To monitor the degree of this strength, different international indexes are periodically created and published. This entry focuses on introducing the concept of nation branding, and on describing the methodologies and latest results of the rankings that are currently considered most relevant in both academia and industry. These rankings are divided into two categories, namely, general nation branding indexes (Nation Brands Index, Future Brand Country Index, RepCore Nations, Good Country Index, Best Countries ranking) and field-specific nation branding indexes (Global Soft Power Index, Country Brand Ranking Tourism Edition, Country Brand Ranking Trade Edition, World Economic Outlook, Better Life Index).
  • 126
  • 09 Apr 2025
Topic Review
New Concepts in Nuclear Energy and Atomic Mass
Abstract: This study introduces novel equations for describing nuclear energy and atomic mass, taking into account the cumulative masses of fission products resulting from nuclear reactions. A comparative analysis is conducted between the traditional equations and our proposed equations, revealing discrepancies in the calculated results. The differences are attributed to the consideration of neutron masses produced during nuclear fission in our calculations. This research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of nuclear reactions and their associated energy releases.    
  • 66
  • 08 Apr 2025
Topic Review
The Al-Hamed Equation in Mechanical Motion
The Al-Hamed equation is a mathematical formulation that describes the relationship between force, mass, acceleration, and friction. It is an enhancement of Newton's second law of motion, which does not explicitly account for the force of friction. The equation is designed to provide a more accurate model of motion, particularly in environments where friction plays a significant role. This study introduces the Al-Hamed equation, a novel formulation that integrates friction force to enhance the precision of Newton's second law of motion. A practical example is examined, and the results are compared with those obtained using Newton's second law, highlighting the improved accuracy of the proposed equation.
  • 54
  • 08 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites, Comets
A celestial body bigger than 10 m orbiting the Sun, mainly between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroid is similar to an asteroid, but significantly smaller. Mostly debris of comets, sometimes debris of asteroids. Meteor is a bright tail of light caused by a meteoroid during its atmospheric flight, also called a shooting star or falling star. Fireball is a very bright meteor (brighter than the planet Venus). Bolide is a fireball that explodes during its atmospheric flight, often with visible fragmentation. The part of a meteoroid or asteroid that survives the passage through our atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface. A smaller celestial body mainly composed of ice and dust. If a comet approaches the Sun it can generate a tail of gas and/or dust.
  • 265
  • 25 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Stars
Stars are massive and luminous spheres of hot plasma. A plasma is a gas that's so hot that the nuclei and the electrons of the atoms have separated, so it's essentially a hot "soup" that contains positive ions (atom nuclei) and electrons. Stars typically consist of 70-75% hydrogen, about 25% helium and some heavier trace elements. The composition can vary significantly, mainly depending on the age of the star and whether it was born in the early times of our universe or more recently. The Sun, for example, is composed of 74.9% hydrogen and 23.8% helium, leaving less than 2% for all other elements heavier than helium. During most of their lifespan stars generate radiant energy by fusing hydrogen into helium, a process that converts mass into energy and releases energy in the form of radiation of various wavelengths. In order to maintain nuclear fusion in their cores, stars have core temperatures ranging from 4 million to 40 million degrees Kelvin. 
  • 97
  • 25 Mar 2025
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