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Topic Review
Modificaciones inducidas por iones pesados
Las modificaciones inducidas por iones pesados son un campo de estudio que explora cómo estos iones interactúan con materiales, causando cambios en sus propiedades físicas y químicas. Los iones pesados, como los de carbono, tienen una alta capacidad de ionización, lo que permite una distribución espacial más localizada del depósito de energía en comparación con radiaciones como fotones o electrones. Esta interacción puede resultar en la formación de nanoestructuras, cambios químicos y morfológicos en los materiales, y la creación de defectos en la estructura cristalina Las aplicaciones de las modificaciones inducidas por iones pesados abarcan desde la modificación de superficies para mejorar propiedades materiales hasta su uso en tratamientos médicos como la radioterapia con partículas pesadas. Sin embargo, también pueden tener efectos nocivos si no se controlan adecuadamente, como la alteración morfológica superficial en materiales como el óxido de aluminio
  • 8
  • 21 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Stars
Stars are massive and luminous spheres of hot plasma. A plasma is a gas that's so hot that the nuclei and the electrons of the atoms have separated, so it's essentially a hot "soup" that contains positive ions (atom nuclei) and electrons. Stars typically consist of 70-75% hydrogen, about 25% helium and some heavier trace elements. The composition can vary significantly, mainly depending on the age of the star and whether it was born in the early times of our universe or more recently. The Sun, for example, is composed of 74.9% hydrogen and 23.8% helium, leaving less than 2% for all other elements heavier than helium. During most of their lifespan stars generate radiant energy by fusing hydrogen into helium, a process that converts mass into energy and releases energy in the form of radiation of various wavelengths. In order to maintain nuclear fusion in their cores, stars have core temperatures ranging from 4 million to 40 million degrees Kelvin. 
  • 11
  • 21 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Space Exploration
Space exploration refers to the investigation of celestial objects and outer space using advanced technology, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, telescopes, and robotic probes. It aims to expand our understanding of the universe, develop new technologies, and assess the feasibility of extraterrestrial life and human colonization beyond Earth.
  • 39
  • 20 Mar 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Fundamentals of Water Radiolysis
Radiolysis of water and aqueous solutions refers to the decomposition of water and its solutions under exposure to ionizing radiation, such as γ-rays, X-rays, accelerated particles, or fast neutrons. This exposure leads to the formation of highly reactive species, including free radicals like hydroxyl radicals (●OH), hydrated electrons (e−aq), and hydrogen atoms (H●), as well as molecular products like molecular hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These species may further react with each other or with solutes in the solution. The yield and behavior of these radiolytic products depend on various factors, including pH, radiation type and energy, dose rate, and the presence of dissolved solutes such as oxygen or ferrous ions, as in the case of the ferrous sulfate (Fricke) dosimeter. Aqueous radiation chemistry has been pivotal for over a century, driving advancements in diverse fields, including nuclear science and technology—particularly in water-cooled reactors—radiobiology, bioradical chemistry, radiotherapy, food preservation, wastewater treatment, and the long-term management of nuclear waste. This field is also vital for understanding radiation effects in space.
  • 44
  • 10 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Transient Phenomena in Exotic Astrophysical Objects
Selected topics from particular exotic Astrophysical sources are surveyed. In particular, the studies of the X-ray emissions are recapitulated.
  • 108
  • 07 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Comparisons of Generalized Schwarzschild Spacetimes in the Strong-Field Regime
Some of the theorems about the line element of the blackhole spacetimes are reviewed. The foliation of the spacetimes is recalled. The comparison of ENBI gravity and that of massive gravity is achieved. The strong-field regime of blackhole objects is investigated.
  • 603
  • 20 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Plasmons
Researchers briefly review applications of surface-plasmon polariton modes, related to the design and fabrication of electro–optical circuits.
  • 9.6K
  • 14 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Synchronicity
An article about the term "synchronicity" defined as the occurrence of meaningful coincidences that seem to have no cause.
  • 186
  • 14 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Alternative General-Relativity-related experiments and Particle Physics
The use of quantum optical systems for investigation in General Relativity ad related theories, of which General Relativity is the weak-field limit is exposed; the analyses are based on the comparison of the properties of Astrophysical systems inferred form the quantum-optics techniques, which can compare Planck-scale physics.
  • 454
  • 12 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Assembly Theory
Assembly theory is a framework for quantifying selection, evolution, and complexity. It, therefore, spans various scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and information theory. Assembly theory is rooted in the assembly of an object from a set of basic building units, forming an initial assembly pool and from subunits that entered the assembly pool in previous assembly steps. Hence, the object is defined not as a set of point particles but by the history of its assembly, where the assembly index is the smallest number of steps required to assemble the object.
  • 459
  • 11 Nov 2024
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