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Topic Review
Sugar as Snow Analog in Penetration Testing
Understanding the mechanical properties of snow and ice is necessary for the efficient design and construction of cold regions infrastructure. Testing and evaluation is most commonly undertaken in situ or using samples within cold labs. However, there is an inevitable uncertainty as to the accuracy of results obtained from ex situ testing. Therefore, development of suitable proxies for snow, such as sugar or foam, is valuable, potentially enabling further research in this field.
  • 466
  • 06 Apr 2022
Biography
Richard Gaitskell
Richard Jeremy Gaitskell (born May 2, 1965) is a physicist and professor at Brown University, and a leading scientist in the search for particle dark matter.[1] He is co-founder, a principal investigator, and co-spokesperson of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, which announced world-leading[2][3] first results on October 30, 2013. He is also a leading investigator in the new LUX-Zepl
  • 466
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Laboratory B in Sunguľ
Laboratory B in Sunguľ was one of the laboratories under the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946) that contributed to the Soviet atomic bomb project. It was created in 1946 and closed in 1955, when some of its personnel were merged with the second Soviet nuclear design and assembly facility. It was run as a sharashka – a secret scientific facility run as a prison. Laboratory B employed German scientists from 1947 to 1953. It had two scientific divisions, radiochemistry and radiobiophysics; the latter was headed by the world-renowned geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij. For two years, the renowned German chemist, Nikolaus Riehl was the scientific director.
  • 465
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Breakdown Mechanism
The Virtual breakdown mechanism is a concept in the field of electrochemistry. In electrochemical reactions, when the cathode and the anode are close enough to each other (i.e., so-called "nanogap electrochemical cells"), the double layer the regions from the two electrodes is overlapped, forming a large electric field uniformly distributed inside the entire electrode gap. Such high electric fields can significantly enhance the ion migration inside bulk solutions and thus increase the entire reaction rate, akin to the "breakdown" of the reactant(s). However, it is fundamentally different from the traditional "breakdown". The Virtual breakdown mechanism was discovered in 2017 when researchers studied pure water electrolysis based on deep-sub-Debye-length nanogap electrochemical cells. Furthermore, researchers found the relation of the gap distance between cathodes and anodes to the performance of electrochemical reactions.
  • 464
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Progress on Advanced Photocathodes for Superconducting RF Guns
The superconducting radio frequency photoinjector (SC RF gun or SRF gun) combines the principle of a photoelectron gun with the application of a superconducting (SC) accelerating cavity. The photocathode is located very close to the SC cavity or directly in contact with it. Since the first concept was proposed by H. Chaloupka in the 1988 EPAC, the SRF gun has been proved to be a successful technology producing high brightness and a high-current beam, which is required by continuous-wave (CW) free electron lasers (FELs) and energy recovery linac (ERL) facilities.
  • 463
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Vat Purnima
Vat Purnima or pournima chavan or Wat Purnima (वट पूर्णिमा, vaṭapūrṇimā, also called Vat Savitri is a celebration observed by married women in the Western Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and some regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh. On this Purnima or "full moon" during the three days of the month of Jyeshtha in the Hindu calendar (which falls in May-June in the Gregorian calendar) a married woman marks her love for her husband by tying a ceremonial thread around a banyan tree. The celebration is based on the legend of Savitri and Satyavan as narrated in the epic Mahabharata.
  • 461
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Interference Reflection Microscopy
Interference reflection microscopy (IRM) is an optical microscopy technique that utilizes polarized light to form an image of an object on a glass surface. The intensity of the signal is a measure of proximity of the object to the glass surface. This technique can be used to study events at the cell membrane without the use of a (fluorescent) label in contrast to TIRF microscopy.
  • 461
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Delta IV Medium Launches
Since November 2002, rockets from the Delta 4 Medium family have been launched 29 times, all of which were successful. Its last flight was with a 3rd generation GPS satellite in August 2019.
  • 460
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biospeckle Analysis and Biofilm Electrostatic Tests
The development of more sensitive methodologies, capable of quickly detecting and monitoring a microbial population present in a specific biological matrix, as well as performing to allow for the study of all its metabolic changes (e.g., during the formation of biofilm) to occur, is an essential requirement for both well-being and the food industry. Two techniques, in particular, have gained the attention of scientists: The first is “biospeckle”, an optical technique representing an innovative tool for applications in food quality, food safety, and nutraceuticals.  A second technique with great chances is the “biofilm electrostatic test” (BET). BET undoubtedly represents a fast, simple, and highly reproducible tool suitable for admitting the evaluation of the in vitro bacterial capacity in order to adhere through an electrostatic interaction with a pyro-electrified carrier after only 2 h of incubation.
  • 460
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Korteweg–de Vries Equation
In mathematics, the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is a mathematical model of waves on shallow water surfaces. It is particularly notable as the prototypical example of an exactly solvable model, that is, a non-linear partial differential equation whose solutions can be exactly and precisely specified. KdV can be solved by means of the inverse scattering transform. The mathematical theory behind the KdV equation is a topic of active research. The KdV equation was first introduced by Boussinesq (1877, footnote on page 360) and rediscovered by Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries (1895).
  • 460
  • 13 Oct 2022
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