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Topic Review
Properties of MXene Products
MXenes are two-dimensional layered materials containing early transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. 
  • 373
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Central High-Order Aberrations and Accommodation
High-order aberrations (HOAs) are optical defects that degrade the image quality. They change with factors such as pupil diameter, age, and accommodation. The changes in optical aberrations during accommodation are mainly due to lens shape and position changes. Primary spherical aberration (Z(4.0)) is closely related to accommodation and some studies suggested that it plays an important role in the control of accommodation. Furthermore, central and peripheral HOAs vary with refractive error and seem to influence eye growth and the onset and progression of myopia. The variations of central and peripheral HOAs during accommodation also appear to be different depending on the refractive error. Central and peripheral high-order aberrations are closely related to accommodation and influence the accuracy of the accommodative response and the progression of refractive errors, especially myopia. 
  • 491
  • 31 Mar 2023
Biography
A. S. Osborn
Albert Sherman Osborn, commonly known as A. S. Osborn (1858-1946), was a renowned forensic document examiner who is often referred to as the "Father of Document Examination". His contributions to forensic science and his ground-breaking work in the area of questioned document analysis have earned him recognition. Osborn, who started his career in document analysis in the late 19th century and es
  • 13.5K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique discovered by the Indian scientist C.V. Raman. It can be applied to analyze the molecular structure based on the molecular vibration and rotation information of scattering spectra. Benefiting from the recent advancements in material science, nanotechnology and optical technology, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed and widely used in bioanalysis, clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. In SERS, Raman signals of molecules can be enhanced by six to ten orders of magnitude, owing to the electromagnetic field enhancement and chemical enhancement effects generated by nanostructures. The detection limit of SERS is even as low as the single-molecule level, so SERS is regarded as an ultrasensitive technique.
  • 329
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Long-Wavelength Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Single-mode long-wavelength (LW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) present an inexpensive alternative to DFB-lasers for data communication in next-generation giga data centers, where optical links with large transmission distances are required. The use of long-wavelength (1300–1550 nm) single-mode (SM) VCSELs makes it possible to reduce the modal and chromatic dispersion in an optical link and, as a result, to extend its reach. Moreover, spatial division multiplexing (SDM) transmission by multicore fibers using long-wavelength (LW or short-wavelength infrared, SWIR) VCSELs are enabling many larger-scale data center networks than presently possible. 1300 nm VCSELs are of particularly strong importance for hybrid integration with silicon photonics, providing integrated modulators and InP- and GaAs-based integrated photonic circuits.
  • 483
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Production of Veil for Interlaminar Toughening
Embedding polymeric veils has proven to be one of the most effective ways to prevent delamination caused by the poor out-of-plane properties of composite laminates. Electrospinning is a flexible, simple, and cost-effective technology that is used to produce extremely fine fibers for a wide range of materials, with diameters ranging from tens of nanometers to a few micrometers. 
  • 346
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Nanocomposites in Space Sector
Graphene is one of the most significant carbon nanomaterials, with a one-atom-thick two-dimensional nanostructure. Like other nanocarbons, graphene has been used as a polymer reinforcement.
  • 393
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Technology
Novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). This Editorial Review by Dr. Seemesh Bhaskar, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provides a spotlight on the latest developments in SPCE substrate engineering to the broad audience of photo-plasmonics, spectroscopy, micro- & nanotechnology, life sciences, thin films and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 559
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Polymer Waveguide-Based Sensors
The optical waveguide (WG) is one of the fundamental components of integrated photonics. Polymer WGs can operate in either single-mode (with core diameters between 2 μm and 5 μm) or multimode (with core dimensions generally between 30 μm and 500 μm) regimes. They are both entirely consistent with the matching optical fiber type due to the similar mode field diameter. A WG is simply utilized as a light link to connect external instruments to a sampling point or an optical sensing element in an extrinsic sensor. In biomedicine, environmental monitoring, process control, and safety, extrinsic sensors are already widely employed.
  • 481
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
SERS-Based Plasmonic Sensors for Biosensing Applications
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy/scattering (SERS) has evolved into a popular tool for applications in biology and medicine owing to its ease-of-use, non-destructive, and label-free approach. Advances in plasmonics and instrumentation have enabled the realization of SERS’s full potential for the trace detection of biomolecules, disease diagnostics, and monitoring.
  • 427
  • 07 Mar 2023
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